List of planetariums

This entry is a list of permanent planetariums across the world.

Permanent planetariums

Planetariums are ordered by continent and then by country in alphabetical order. The planetariums are listed in the following format: name, city. The International Planetarium Society has a more complete list on its website.

Algeria

  • Complexe Culturel Abdelwahab Salim, Tipaza
  • Planetarium de Ghardaia, Ghardaia

Egypt

  • Arab Academy for Science and Technology Planetarium, Alexandria
  • The Child Museum, Cairo
  • Planetarium Science Center, Alexandria
  • Suez Discovery & Science Center, Suez

Ghana

  • Ghana Planetarium, Accra

Libya

  • Planetarium of Tripoli, Al-Quba Al-Falakia, Tripoli, Libya

South Africa

  • Iziko Planetarium at the Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town
  • Johannesburg Planetarium at University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
  • Sutherland Planetarium

Tunisia

  • Planetarium of Tunis Science City, Tunis

Bangladesh

  • Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Novo Theatre, Dhaka
  • Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Novo Theatre, Rajshahi (Under Construction)

China

  • Beijing Planetarium, Beijing
  • Hong Kong Space Museum, Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong
  • Macao Science Center, Macao
  • Shanghai Astronomy Museum, Shanghai

India

  • Ahmedabad Planetarium, Nabhodarshan, Kankaria, Balwatika, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
  • Akola Planetarium, Nehru Park, Akola, Maharashtra
  • Alexa Planetarium, Haryana.
  • Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Nainital, Uttarakhand.
  • Anna Science Centre, Tiruchirappalli
  • Asha Kiran Planetarium, Belagavi, Karnataka[2]
  • BITS, Pilani Science Centre, Pilani, Rajasthan.
  • Bhagalpur Planetarium, Bhagalpur, Bihar[3]
  • Birla Planetarium, Chennai
  • Birla Planetarium, Hyderabad
  • Birla Planetarium, Jaipur
  • Birla Planetarium, Kolkata[4]
  • Darbhanga Planetarium, Darbhanga
  • Devasthal Observatory, Uttrakhand.
  • Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Planetarium, Burla, Sambalpur
  • Dr.T.M.A Pai Planetarium, Manipal
  • Efforts Planetarium, Ahmednagar
  • Gandhi Hill Planetarium, Vijaywada, Andhra Pradesh[4]
  • Guwahati Planetarium, Guwahati
  • Howrah Planetarium and Astronomical Research Centre, Howrah
  • Indira Gandhi Planetarium, Lucknow
  • Indira Gandhi Planetarium, Patna
  • Jawahar Planetarium, Allahabad
  • Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium, Bangalore
  • Kalpana Chawla planatorium in Jyotisar (Kurukshetra), Haryana.
  • Kusumbai Motichand Planetarium, Pune[5][4]
  • North Lakhimpur Science Centre and Planetarium, Lakhimpur District, Assam
  • Leo Planetaria, New Delhi
  • Meghnad Saha Planetarium, Burdwan[6]
  • MGM APJ Abdul Kalam Astrospace Science Centre & Club, Aurangabad, Maharashtra[7]
  • Modern High School For Girls Planetarium,[8] Kolkata
  • Nehru Planetarium, Mumbai
  • Nehru Planetarium, New Delhi[4]
  • Planetarium, Muzaffarpur, Bihar[4]
  • Priyadarshini Planetarium at the Kerala Science and Technology Museum, Thiruvananthapuram
  • Raman Science center Planetarium, Nagpur
  • Regional Science Centre and Planetarium, Kozhikode
  • Samanta Chandra Sekhera Planetarium, Bhubaneswar
  • Sardar Patel Planetarium, Vadodara, Gujarat[4]
  • Sri Sathya Sai Space Theatre,[9] Puttaparthi
  • Stardome, College of Engineering, Trivandrum
  • Swami Vivekananda Planetarium, Mangalore
  • Tara Mandir, Porbandar, Gujarat[4]
  • Temple of Vedic Planetarium, Mayapur
  • Varahamihir Planetarium, Ranchi[10]
  • Ujjain Planetarium, Ujjain
  • Vir Bahadur Singh Planetarium, Gorakhpur
  • Science Centre, Surat, Gujarat[4]
  • Salem Science park - Digital Planetarium Salem, Tamilnadu[4]
  • Vratino Planetarium, Gorakhpur[11]
  • VSRC Planetarium, Gorakhpur[12]
  • Yashwantrao chavan planetarium, Nashik, Maharashtra

Indonesia

  • Jagad Raya Planetarium, Tenggarong
  • Jakarta Planetarium, Jakarta
  • Loka Jala Crana Planetarium, Surabaya

Iraq

Israel

Japan

  • Akashi Municipal Planetarium, Akashi, Carl Zeiss Jena Universal 23/3 (Z)
  • Ehime Prefectural Science Museum, Niihama, SUPER-HELIOS (G)
  • Hukui, MS-10(M)
  • Gifu City Science Museum, Gifu, INFINIUM (M)
  • Hiroshima Children's Museum, Hiroshima, MS-20AT(M)
  • Ibaraki Tukuba, Geministar (M)
  • Ishikawa, GM-15T (G)
  • Kagawa, GSS-HELIOS (G)
  • Kawasaki Municipal Science Museum, Kawasaki, MEGASTAR-III FUSION (Ohira Tech)
  • Kobe Science Museum, Kobe, GSS-KOBE + Virtualium II (G)
  • Kyoto, INFINIUMγ-KYOTO (M)
  • Mie, INFINIUM (M)
  • Miraikan, Tokyo, MEGASTAR-II Cosmos
  • Nagano, GSS-URANUS (G)
  • Nagoya City Science Museum, Nagoya
  • Nara, MEGASTAR-ZERO (O)
  • Niigata Science Museum, Niigata, CHRONOS II EX Hybride (G)
  • Okayama, MS-10 (M)
  • Osaka, INFINIUM-Sigma-Osaka(M) + Media Globe-Sigma SE (M, RSA)
  • Saitama, INFINIUM (M)
  • Saji Observatory, Tottori
  • Sapporo Science Center, Sapporo, GSS-URANUS (G) + SKYMAX-DS (M)
  • Shiga INFINIUMγ (M)
  • Shimane, INFINIUMβ (M)
  • Shizuoka, Hamamatsu, Geministar III (M)
  • Sunshine City, Tokyo, INFINIUM-S (M)
  • Tokushima, Super-HELIOS (G)
  • Toyama, VIRTUARIUM II (G)
  • Wakayama, MS-10 (M)
  • Yamaguchi
  • Yamanasi, MEGASTAR-IIA (Ohira Tech)
  • Yokohama Science Center, Yokohama, Super-HELIOS (G)

Kuwait

  • Kuwait Planetarium

Kazakhstan

  • Aktobe Planetarium

Malaysia

Pakistan

  • PIA Institute of Planetaria, Astronomy & Cosmology (PIA-IPAC), Karachi
  • PIA Institute of Planetaria, Astronomy & Cosmology (PIA-IPAC), Lahore
  • PIA Institute of Planetaria, Astronomy & Cosmology (PIA-IPAC), Peshawar

Philippines

South Korea

  • Gwacheon National Science Museum Planetarium, Gwacheon
  • National Science Museum, Daejeon
  • Eunpyung Planetarium, Seoul National Science Museum, Seoul

Sri Lanka

  • Sri Lanka Planetarium, Colombo

Taiwan

Thailand

  • Bangkok Planetarium, Bangkok
  • National Science Museum, Rangsit
  • Rajabhat Planetarium, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
  • Rangsit Science Centre for Education, Pathumthani Province
  • Ban Moh Astronomy Center, Saraburi Province
  • Astronomy and Science Center, Mahidol Wittayanusorn School
  • Hatyai Deepsky Observation for Science, Hatyai
  • Roiet Science and Cultural Centre for Education, Roi Et Province
  • Nakhon Ratchasima Regional Observation For The Public, Suranaree University of Technology
  • Astronomy and Science Center, Nakhon Ratchasima Province
  • Regional Observation for the Public, Chachoengsao Province

Turkmenistan

  • Ashgabad Planetarium, Ashgabad

Austria

  • Digitales Planetarium im Naturhistorischen Museum Wien, Vienna
  • Sternenturm Planetarium Judenburg, Judenburg
  • Zeiss Planetarium der Stadt Wien, Vienna

Belarus

  • Minsk Planetarium, Minsk

Belgium

  • Belgian Planetarium, Brussels
  • Europlanetarium Genk, Genk
  • Planetarium Antwerp Zoo, Antwerp
  • Planètarium Olympus Mons, Mons
  • Planétarium, Université de Liège, Liège
  • Volkssterrenwacht vzw Beisbroek, Bruges

Bulgaria

  • NAOP Gabrovo, Gabrovo
  • NAOP Smolyan, Smolyan
  • NAOP Varna, Varna
  • NAOP Yambol, Yambol
  • Planetarium of Plovdiv, Plovdiv
  • Public Astronomical Observatory and Planetarium, Dimitrovgrad

Croatia

  • Astronomical Centre Rijeka, Rijeka
  • Nikola Tesla Technical Museum Planetarium, Zagreb

Cyprus

  • The Cyprus Planetarium, Nicosia

Czech Republic

  • Brno Observatory and Planetarium, Brno
  • Observatory and Planetarium České Budějovice České Budějovice
  • Observatory and Planetarium Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové
  • Observatory and Planetarium of Johanna Palisy, Ostrava
  • Observatory and Planetarium Plzeň, Plzeň
  • Observatory and Planetarium Teplice, Teplice
  • Planetarium Most, Most
  • Planetarium Praha, Prague

Denmark

Estonia

  • Planetarium in Science Centre AHHAA, Tartu
  • Planetarium in Tartu Old Observatory
  • Planetarium in Pernova Nature House, Pärnu
  • Planetarium in Energy Discovery Centre, Tallinn

Finland

  • Heureka Planetarium, Vantaa
  • Kallioplanetaario, Jyväskylä
  • Särkänniemi Planetarium, Tampere
  • Ursa Starlab, Helsinki
  • Kakslauttanen Planetarium, Saariselkä

France

  • Astrorama, La Trinité, Alpes-Maritimes
  • Centre d'Études et de Réalisations Astronomiques Pégoud[13] de Belfort
  • Cité de l'espace, Toulouse
  • Ludiver, La Hague
  • Observatoire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
  • Palais de la Découverte, Paris
  • Planétarium, Nantes
  • Planétarium, Rheims
  • Planetarium Galilee, Montpellier
  • Espace des sciences, Rennes
  • Planétarium, Saint-Étienne
  • Parc du Cosmos, Les Angles, Gard
  • Planétarium, Vaulx-en-Velin

Germany

  • Bochum Planetarium, Bochum
  • Carl-Zeiss-Planetarium, Stuttgart
  • Drebach Planetarium, Drebach
  • ESO Supernova Planetarium & Visitor Centre, Garching bei München
  • Freiburg Planetarium, Freiburg
  • Hamburg Planetarium, Hamburg
  • Lichtenstein Planetarium, Lichtenstein
  • Lernort Planetarium Wittenberg J. G. Galle, Lutherstadt Wittenberg
  • Mannheim Planetarium, Mannheim
  • Nicolaus Copernicus Planetarium, Nuremberg
  • Olbers-Planetarium, Bremen
  • Planetarium am Insulaner, Berlin
  • Planetarium Laupheim, Laupheim
  • Planetarium Osnabrück im Museum am Schölerberg, Osnabrück
  • Planetarium Sternwarte Feuerstein, Ebermannstadt
  • Sparkassen-Planetarium Augsburg, Augsburg
  • Westphalian Museum of Natural History, Münster
  • Wolfsburg Planetarium, Wolfsburg
  • Zeiss Major Planetarium, Berlin
  • Zeiss-Planetarium Jena, Jena
  • Planetarium im Astronomischen Zentrum Gera, Gera

Greece

  • Eugenides Planetarium (see also Evgenidio Foundation), Athens
  • Thessaloniki Planetarium, Thessaloniki

Hungary

Ireland

  • Inishowen Planetarium, Inishowen
  • Schull Planetarium, Schull

Italy

  • Civico Planetario, Milan
  • "Ignazio Danti" Planetarium, Perugia
  • Parco Astronomico SIDEREUS, Salve (Lecce)
  • Planetario Accademia navale, Livorno
  • Planetario Aula Didattica, Bologna
  • Planetario Civico, Ravenna
  • Planetario Comunale, Modena
  • Planetario Comunale, Frasso Sabino
  • Planetario Crespano del Grappa, Crespano del Grappa
  • Planetario del Comune di Pisa, Pisa
  • Planetario di Firenze, Florence
  • Planetario di Lecco, Lecco
  • Planetario di Torino, Turin
  • Planetarium di Venezia Lido San Nicolo, Venice
  • Planetario digitale del Parco astronomico La torre del sole, Brembate di Sopra
  • Planetario Galileo, Padua
  • Planetario Garda, Garda
  • Planetario Genova, Genoa
  • Planetario Istituto Nautico "Alfredo Cappellini", Livorno
  • Planetarío Itínerante, S. M. Maddalena
  • Planetario Lumezzane, Lumezzane
  • Planetario Luserna San Giovanni, Luserna San Giovanni
  • Planetario Museo di Storia Naturale, Livorno
  • Planetario Napoli, Naples
  • Planetario Prato, Prato
  • Planetario Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria
  • Planetario San Giovanni in Persiceto, San Giovanni in Persiceto
  • Planetario Teatro delle Scienze e Planetario, Alessandria
  • Planetario Triest, Trieste
  • Planetario Venezia, Venice
  • Planetarium Viareggio, Viareggio

Kosovo

  • Kosovo Planetarium of Çabrat, Gjakova, Scien.-Edu. Center Cosmos & Human
  • National Observatory and Planetarium of Kosovo, Shtime

Lithuania

  • Planetariumas, Vilnius

Netherlands

  • Artis Planetarium, Amsterdam
  • Eise Eisinga Planetarium, Franeker
  • Omniversum, The Hague
  • Planetarium Planetron, Dwingeloo
  • Planetarium Ridderkerk, Museum Johannes Postschool, Ridderkerk-Rijsoord

Norway

  • Vitensenteret i Trondheim (Trondheim Science Center), Trondheim
  • Nordnorsk vitensenter (Science Center of Northern Norway), Tromsø
  • Saint Exupery Planetarium, Oslo
  • Science Factory (Vitenfabrikken, Norway), Sandnes

Poland

  • ORBITEK - Portable Planetarium Katowice
  • Dziewulski Planetarium, Toruń
  • The Heavens of Copernius in Copernicus Science Centre, Warsaw
  • Planeta Anuka Portable Planetarium, Warsaw
  • Planetarium and Observatory, Kielce
  • Planetarium, Częstochowa
  • Planetarium Frombork, Frombork
  • Planetarium, Gdynia-Oksywie
  • Planetarium i Obserwatorium Astronomiczne im. Mikołaja Kopernika, Grudziądz
  • Planetarium im. Antoniego Ledóchowskiego, Gdynia
  • Planetarium in the Extreme Park, Ustroń – commercial
  • Planetarium in Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw
  • Planetarium of the Institute of Navigation, Szczecin
  • Planetarium of the School Society of Amateur Astronomers, Potarzyca
  • Planetarium, Olsztyn
  • Planetarium, Poznań
  • Planetarium Wenus, Zielona Góra
  • Planetarium, Wrocław
  • Portable Planetariums Home – Poland Branch
  • Silesian Planetarium, Chorzów – biggest and oldest planetarium in Poland (opened in 1955, 23-meter dome)
  • SOPP Planetarium and Observatory, Łódź
  • Youth observatory – Niepołomice

Portugal

  • Calouste Gulbenkian Planetarium, Lisbon
  • Espinho Planetarium, Navegar Foundation, Espinho
  • Planetario Coimbra, Coimbra
  • Planetário do Porto, Porto

Romania

  • Argeș County Museum, Pitești
  • Baia Mare Astronomy Complex, Maramureș county, Baia Mare
  • Bârlad Planetarium, Bârlad
  • Brașov Planetarium at Zoo Brașov, Brașov, opened in 2019, the largest in the country
  • Constanța Planetarium, Constanța
  • Galați Planetarium, Galați
  • Planetarium within the "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University, Iași
  • Planetarium within Universitatea de Vest, Timișoara
  • Suceava Planetarium, Suceava

Russia

Serbia

Slovakia

  • Slovenské technické múzeum, Košice
  • CVC Domino, Košice
  • Observatory and planetarium Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Hlohovec
  • Observatory and planetarium Presov, Prešov
  • Observatory Vihorlat, Kolonické sedlo
  • Regional Observatory and Planetarium Maximilian Hell, Žiar nad Hronom
  • Slovak central observatory Hurbanovo, Hurbanovo

Spain

  • Centro Astronomico Aragonés, Huesca
  • Hogar de los Planetarios Portátiles – Base en Tenerife
  • L'Hemisfèric, Valencia
  • Madrid Planetarium, Madrid
  • Planetario A Coruña, A Coruña
  • Planetario Alcobendas, Alcobendas
  • Planetario Arrecife, Arrecife
  • Planetario Badalona, Badalona
  • Planetario Barcelona, Barcelona
  • Planetario Costitx, Costitx
  • Planetario de la Escuela superior marina civil, Santander
  • Planetario de Pamplona, Pamplona
  • Planetario de Valladolid, El, Valladolid
  • Planetario del Museo de las Ciencias, Cuenca
  • Planetario Didactico, Alicante
  • Planetario Educa Ciencia Madrid
  • Planetario Granada, Granada
  • Planetario Malaga, Málaga
  • Planetario Murcia, Murcia
  • Planetario Salamanca, Salamanca
  • Planetario San Sebastián, San Sebastián
  • Planetario Sevilla, Seville
  • Planetario Tenerife, Tenerife
  • Planetarios Móvil Digital Eurocosmos Madrid

Sweden

  • Broman Planetarium AB, Angered, Gothenburg
  • Cosmonova, Stockholm
  • Kosmorama Planetarium, Borlänge
  • Norrköpings Visualiseringscenter C, Norrköping
  • Planetariet Lund, Lund
  • Planetarium at the House of Technology, Luleå
  • Planetarium Härnösand, Härnösand
  • Planetarium Project, Frösön
  • Planetarium Upptech, Jönköping
  • Sölvesborg Ynde Planetarium
  • Stella Nova Planetarium, Falun
  • Tom Tits Experiment, Södertälje
  • Umevatoriet, Umeå
  • Universeum, Göteborg

Switzerland

  • Planetarium at Swiss Museum of Transport, Swiss Museum of Transport, Luzern
  • Sternwarte - Planetarium SIRIUS, Schwanden near Sigriswil

Turkey

  • Bursa Science and Technology Center, Bursa
  • Eskişehir Planetarium, Eskişehir
  • Gaziantep Planetarium and Science Center, Gaziantep
  • Kayseri Science Center, Kayseri
  • Konya Science Center, Konya
  • Serdivan Planetarium, Sakarya
  • Sancaktepe Science experiment Center, Observatory and Planetarium, istanbul
  • Serdivan Planetarium, Sakarya
  • Tuzla Municipality – Şelale Eğitim Parkı – Planetarium ve Observatory, Tuzla

Ukraine

  • Dnipro Planetarium, Dnipro
  • Donetsk Planetarium, Donetsk
  • Kharkiv Planetarium, Kharkiv
  • Kyiv Planetarium, Kyiv

United Kingdom

  • Aberdeen College Planetarium, Aberdeen, Scotland
  • Armagh Planetarium, Armagh, Northern Ireland
  • The Astronomy Centre Planetarium, near Todmorden, West Yorkshire, England
  • AURIGA Star Dome,[14] Belper, England
  • The Wolfson Planetarium, Bedford School, Bedford, England
  • Dark Sky Wales Planetarium, Pontypridd, Wales
  • Glasgow College of Nautical Studies Planetarium, Glasgow, Scotland
  • Glasgow Science Centre Planetarium, Glasgow,
  • Jodrell Bank Observatory planetarium (closed in 2003), Macclesfield, England
  • Life Science Centre planetarium, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
  • Lockyer Observatory and Planetarium, Sidmouth, England
  • London Mobile Planetarium,[15] London, England
  • Midlands Mobile Planetarium,[16] Midlands, England
  • National Space Centre, Leicester, England
  • Natural Science Centre Planetarium, Newchapel, Staffordshire, England
  • Peter Harrison Planetarium, London, England
  • Planetarium Infinity, Aberystwyth, Wales
  • Plymouth Planetarium, Plymouth, England
  • Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
  • South Downs Planetarium, Chichester, England
  • Southend Central Museum, Southend-on-Sea, England
  • The Spaceguard Centre Planetarium, Knighton, Powys, Wales
  • StarDome - Astronomy & Astronautics, Cambridge, Cambridge & UK wide
  • Techniquest Planetarium, Cardiff, Wales
  • Thinktank Planetarium, Birmingham, England
  • University of Glasgow Planetarium, Glasgow, Scotland
  • University of St Andrews Mobile Planetarium, St. Andrews, Scotland
  • Wales Mobile Planetarium[17] Wales
  • We the Curious Planetarium, Bristol, England
  • Winchester Science Centre & Planetarium, Winchester, England
  • Wonderdome mobile planetarium, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire, Yorkshire, Greater Manchester, Cheshire and UK wide
  • World Museum planetarium, Liverpool, England
  • Wynyard Woodland Park Planetarium, Thorpe Thewles, Teesside, England
  • Yorkshire Planetarium, Harewood House, Leeds, England

Other

  • Aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2, the first planetarium at sea
Alberta
British Columbia
Manitoba
  • Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg, Manitoba
Ontario
  • Doran Planetarium, Sudbury, Ontario
  • Ontario Science Centre Digital Planetarium, Toronto
  • Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto
  • Science North, Greater Sudbury, Ontario
  • W.J. McCallion Planetarium, Hamilton, Ontario
Quebec
  • Rio Tinto Alcan Planetarium, Montreal, Quebec
Yukon
  • Northern Lights Centre, Watson Lake, Yukon

Costa Rica

  • Planetario Ciudad de San José, San José

Mexico

  • Complejo Cientifico, Tecnologico y Cultural Planetario de Playa Del Carmen "SAYAB", Quintana Roo
  • Planetario Alfa, Monterrey
  • Planetario de Cajeme en el Parque Infantil "Ostimuri", Ciudad Obregón
  • Planetario de Ciudad Victoria "Dr. Ramiro Iglesias Leal" del Parque Recreativo y Cultural Siglo XXI, Ciudad Victoria
  • Planetario de la Escuela Náutica Mercante de Tampico, Tampico
  • Planetario Digital Móvil Ecosistemas de México, Mexico City
  • Planetario "Dr. Arcadio Poveda Ricalde" del Centro Cultural de Sinaloa, Culiacán
  • Planetario "Dra. Silvia Torres Castilleja", Descubre Museo Interactivo de Ciencias y Tecnología, Aguascalientes
  • Planetario Explora del Museo de Ciencias, León
  • Planetario Hidalgo del Museo Rehilete, Pachuca, Hidalgo
  • Planetario IMAX DOMO de Puebla, Puebla
  • Planetario "Joaquín Gallo" de la Sociedad Astronómica de México, Mexico City
  • Planetario "José Martínez Rocha" del Área de Astronomía del DIF-US, Magdalena de Kino
  • Planetario "Lic. Felipe Rivera" de CECONEXPO, Morelia
  • Planetario Luis Enrique Erro, Mexico City
  • Planetario Móvil de Ludocosmos, Hermosillo
  • Planetronix Móvil de Sistemas Educativos en Astronomía, Guaymas
  • Planetario Móvil EKBÉ, Querétaro
  • Planetario Móvil "Shimba Caa Ana", Cancún
  • Planetario Papalote Museo del Niño, Mexico City
  • Planetario Tabasco 2000, Villahermosa
  • Planetario "Valente Souza" de la Sociedad Astronómica de México, Mexico City
  • Planetario y Centro Interactivo de Jalisco "Lunaria", Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
  • Ziga Zag, Centro de Ciencias, Consejo Zacatecano de Ciencia y Tecnología, Zacatecas
Alabama
Alaska
  • Marie Drake Planetarium, Juneau
  • Thomas Planetarium at the Anchorage Museum, Anchorage
  • University of Alaska Planetarium & Visualization Theater Anchorage
Arizona
  • Dorrance Planetarium at the Arizona Science Center, Phoenix
  • Flandrau Science Center and Planetarium at the University of Arizona, Tucson
  • Jim and Linda Lee Planetarium
  • Planetarium at Mesa Community College
  • The Star Barn Cave Creek, Arizona
Arkansas
  • EpiSphere at the Aerospace Education Center, Little Rock
California
  • Charles F. Hager Planetarium at San Francisco State University, San Francisco
  • Chabot Space and Science Center, Oakland
  • College of San Mateo, San Mateo
  • The Discovery Museum, Science and Space Center, Sacramento
  • Fujitsu Planetarium at De Anza College, Cupertino
  • Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles
  • Holt Planetarium, Lawrence Hall of Science, Berkeley
  • Morrison Planetarium at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco
  • Palomar College Planetarium, San Marcos
  • Planetarium Projector and Science Museum,[19] a museum of planeteria at Big Bear Lake
  • Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, San Jose, a purpose-built planetarium rendered in an Ancient Egyptian architectural style
  • San Diego City College Planetarium, San Diego
  • Hartnell College Planetarium, Salinas
  • Schreder Planetarium, Redding
  • Tessmann Planetarium at Santa Ana College, Santa Ana
  • William Luebke Planetarium, at Modesto Junior College West Campus Science Community Center, Modesto
Colorado
  • Fiske Planetarium at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder
  • Gates Planetarium at Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver
  • United States Air Force Academy Planetarium at United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs
Connecticut
  • The Children's Museum, West Hartford
  • The Discovery Museum, Bridgeport
  • Leitner Family Observatory and Planetarium at Yale University, New Haven
  • Treworgy Planetarium at Mystic Seaport, Mystic
District of Columbia
  • Albert Einstein Planetarium, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution
  • Rock Creek Park Planetarium, Rock Creek Park Nature Center
Florida
  • Bishop Planetarium at Bishop Museum of Science and Nature, Bradenton, Florida
  • Bryan-Gooding Planetarium in the Alexander Brest Science Theatre at the Museum of Science and History, Jacksonville, Florida
  • Buehler Planetarium and Observatory, Davie, Florida
  • Calusa Nature Center and Planetarium, Fort Myers, Florida
  • The Challenger Learning Center, Tallahassee
  • Eastern Florida State College Planetarium & Observatory (closed indefinitely due to hurricane damage), Cocoa
  • Kika Silva Pla Planetarium at Santa Fe College, Gainesville
  • Lohman Planetarium at Museum of Arts and Sciences (Daytona Beach), Daytona Beach, Florida
  • Frost Planetarium at Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science, Miami
  • Seminole State College Planetarium at Seminole State College of Florida, Sanford
Georgia
  • Jim Cherry Memorial Planetarium at the Fernbank Science Center, Atlanta
  • Mark Smith Planetarium at the Museum of Arts and Sciences, Macon
  • Omnisphere Theater, Coca-Cola Challenger Space Science Center, Columbus State University, Columbus
  • Rollins Planetarium at Young Harris College, Young Harris
  • Tellus Planetarium at Tellus: Northwest Georgia Science Museum, Cartersville
  • Wetherbee Planetarium at Thronateeska Heritage Center, Albany
Guam
  • University of Guam Planetarium at the University of Guam, Hagåtña
Hawaii
  • Hōkūlani Imaginarium,[20] Windward Community College, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i
  • ʻImiloa Astronomy Center, Hilo
  • Jhamandas Watumull Planetarium at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu
Idaho
  • Capital High School, Boise
Illinois
  • Adler Planetarium, Chicago
  • Cernan Earth and Space Center, Triton College, River Grove
  • Discovery Center Museum, Rockford
  • Illinois State University Planetarium, Normal
  • Lakeview Museum planetarium, Peoria (closed 2012)
  • Peoria Riverfront Museum, Peoria
  • Staerkel Planetarium, Parkland College, Champaign
  • Strickler Planetarium at Olivet Nazarene University, Bourbonnais
  • Waubonsie Valley High School planetarium Aurora
Indiana
  • Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana[21]
  • Bellmont High School, Decatur
  • Beyond Spaceship Earth at Indianapolis Children's Museum, Indianapolis, Indiana
  • Clifford Pierce Middle School, Merrillville, Indiana
  • Carmel High School, Hamilton
  • Floyd Central High School, Floyds Knobs, Indiana
  • Holcomb Observatory and Planetarium at Butler University, Indianapolis[22]
  • Jefferson High School, Lafayette
  • Kennedy Academy, South Bend, St. Joseph County[23]
  • Koch Planetarium, Evansville
  • Marion High School, Marion
  • Northrop High School Fort Wayne, Indiana
  • Pike High School, Indianapolis
  • SpaceQuest Planetarium at Indianapolis Children's Museum, Indianapolis, Indiana (closed)
Iowa
  • Bettendorf High School, Bettendorf
  • Sanford Museum and Planetarium, Cherokee, Iowa
Kansas
  • Justice Planetarium at the Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center, Hutchinson
  • Lakin High School Lakin, Kansas
  • Peterson Planetarium at Emporia State University
Kentucky
  • Gheen's Science Hall & Rauch Planetarium at the University of Louisville, Louisville
  • Golden Pond Planetarium and Observatory, Golden Pond
  • Hardin Planetarium at Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green
  • Hummel Planetarium at Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond
  • Star Theater, at Morehead State University, Morehead
  • Varia Planetarium (part of East Kentucky Science Center) at Big Sandy Community and Technical College, Prestonsburg
Louisiana
  • Dayna & Ronald L. Sawyer Space Dome Planetarium, Shreveport
  • Irene W. Pennington Planetarium, Baton Rouge
  • Nature Center at Audubon Nature Institute, New Orleans
Maine
  • Francis Malcolm Science Center Planetarium at Easton, Maine, 776 Houlton Road
  • Ladd Planetarium at Bates College, Lewiston, 44 Campus Avenue
  • Maynard F. Jordan Planetarium at the University of Maine, Orono
  • Southworth Planetarium at University of Southern Maine - Portland campus located at 70 Falmouth Street
Maryland
  • Arthur Storer Planetarium, Prince Frederick, named after the first astronomer in the American colonies and the original namesake of Halley's Comet
  • Davis Planetarium at the Maryland Science Center, Baltimore
  • James E. Richmond Science Center and Planetarium,[24] Charles County Public Schools, Waldorf (60' diameter, 184 seats[25])
  • Watson-King Planetarium at Towson University
  • William Brish Planetarium
Massachusetts
  • Charles Hayden Planetarium at the Museum of Science, Boston
  • Framingham State College Planetarium, Framingham
  • George Alden Planetarium at the Ecotarium, Worcester
  • Seymour Planetarium at the Springfield Science Museum, Springfield, the oldest operating planetarium in the United States[26]
Michigan
  • Abrams Planetarium, Michigan State University, East Lansing
  • Argus Planetarium, Ann Arbor
  • Besser Museum for Northeast Michigan, Alpena
  • Cranbrook Planetarium, Bloomfield Hills
  • Dassault Systemes Planetarium, Michigan Science Center, Detroit
  • Delta College Planetarium & Learning Center, Bay City
  • John Glenn High School, Westland, Michigan
  • Kingman Museum Planetarium, Battle Creek
  • Longway Planetarium, Flint
  • Mount Clemens High School, Mount Clemens, Michigan
  • Roger B. Chaffee Planetarium, Public Museum of Grand Rapids, Grand Rapids
  • Roseville High School, Roseville, Michigan
  • Shiras Planetarium, Marquette
Minnesota
  • Como Planetarium, Como Park Elementary School, St. Paul
  • Forestview Planetarium, Forestview Middle School, Baxter
  • Marshall W. Alworth Planetarium, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
  • Mayo High School, Rochester
  • MSUM Planetarium, Minnesota State University Moorhead, Moorhead[27]
  • Paulucci Space Theatre, Hibbing Community College, Hibbing
  • SMSU Planetarium, Southwest Minnesota State University, Marshall
  • Whitney and Elizabeth MacMillan Planetarium, Bell Museum of Natural History, St. Paul[28]
Mississippi
  • Russell C. Davis Planetarium, Jackson
Missouri
  • Del & Norma Robison Planetarium, Kirksville
  • Gottlieb Planetarium, Kansas City
  • James S. McDonnell Planetarium, St. Louis
  • Rock Bridge Senior High School Planetarium, Columbia
Montana
  • Taylor Planetarium at the Museum of the Rockies
Nebraska
  • Mallory Kountze Planetarium (UNO), Omaha
  • Martin Luther King, Jr. Planetarium, Omaha
  • Ralph Mueller Planetarium, Lincoln
Nevada
  • Fleischmann Planetarium & Science Center, Reno
New Hampshire
  • McAuliffe-Shepard Discovery Center, Concord
New Jersey
  • Dreyfuss Planetarium at the Newark Museum, Newark
  • Jennifer Chalsty Planetarium at Liberty Science Center, Jersey City, largest planetarium in the Western Hemisphere[29]
  • Longo Planetarium at County College of Morris, Randolph
  • New Jersey State Museum Planetarium, Trenton
  • The Planetarium at the Fair Lawn High School Astronomy Center,[30] Fair Lawn
  • The Planetarium at RVCC, North Branch
  • Princeton Day School Planetarium, Princeton
  • Robert J. Novins Planetarium at Ocean County College, Toms River
New Mexico
  • The Planetarium at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science, Albuquerque
  • Early College Academy, Hefferan Planetarium, Albuquerque
  • Robert H. Goddard Planetarium, Roswell
New York
  • Andrus Planetarium, Hudson River Museum, Yonkers
  • Bruckner Planetarium, Nassau Community College, Garden City[31]
  • Corning Community College Planetarium, Corning
  • Edwin A. Link Planetarium, Roberson Museum and Science Center, Binghamton
  • Edwin Hubble Planetarium, in Edward R. Murrow High School, Brooklyn
  • Hayden Planetarium American Museum of Natural History, New York City
  • JetBlue Sky Theater Planetarium, Cradle of Aviation Museum, Garden City
  • Muse Planetarium, Brooklyn Children's Museum, Brooklyn
  • Northeast Bronx Planetarium, in Harry Truman High School, Bronx
  • Strasenburgh Planetarium, Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester
  • Suits-Bueche Planetarium, Schenectady
  • Suny Oneonta Planetarium, State University of Oneonta, Oneonta
  • Tupper Planetarium, Centereach High School Centereach
  • Vanderbilt Planetarium (part of Vanderbilt Museum), Centerport
  • Wagner College Planetarium, Staten Island
  • Whitworth Ferguson Planetarium at Buffalo State University, Buffalo
  • Williamsville North High School, Williamsville
North Carolina
  • Charlotte Observer IMAX Dome Theatre (formerly called Charlotte Kelly Space Voyager Planetarium) at Discovery Place, Charlotte
  • Cummins Planetarium at the Rocky Mount Children's Museum & Science Center, Rocky Mount
  • ECSU Khan Planetarium at Elizabeth City State University in Elizabeth City
  • Fayetteville State University Planetarium, Fayetteville (limited public shows)
  • Schiele Museum of Natural History and Planetarium, Gastonia
  • Greensboro Science Center, Greensboro
  • Ingram Planetarium,[32] Sunset Beach
  • Millholand Planetarium at Catawba Science Center, Catawba
  • Morehead Planetarium and Science Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill – the first planetarium built on a U.S. college campus
  • Neuseway Nature Center and Planetarium, Kinston
  • Robeson County Planetarium Science and Technology, Lumberton (limited public shows)
  • Rowan-Salisbury School System's Margaret C. Woodson Planetarium in Salisbury (limited public shows)
  • SciPlanetarium at Kaleideum, Winston-Salem
Ohio
  • Anderson Hancock Planetarium at Marietta College, Marietta
  • Appold Planetarium at Lourdes University, Sylvania
  • Arne Slettebak Planetarium at The Ohio State University, Columbus
  • BGSU Planetarium at Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green
  • Clark Planetarium at Shawnee State University, Portsmouth
  • COSI Planetarium, Center of Science and Industry, Columbus
  • Drake Planetarium and Science Center, Cincinnati
  • Hoover-Price Planetarium, William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum, Canton
  • Ritter Planetarium & Brooks Observatory, University of Toledo, Toledo
  • Shafran Planetarium at Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland
  • Shaker Heights High School Planetarium at Shaker Heights, Cleveland
  • Ward-Beecher Planetarium at Youngstown State University, Youngstown
  • Westlake Schools Planetarium, Westlake
Oklahoma
  • James E. Bertelsmeyer Planetarium at the Tulsa Air and Space Museum & Planetarium, Tulsa
  • Kirkpatrick Planetarium at Science Museum Oklahoma, Oklahoma City
  • Mackie Planetarium, Northern Oklahoma College
  • Jenks Public Schools Planetarium at Jenks High School Math Science Complex, Jenks, Oklahoma
Oregon
  • North Medford High School Planetarium, Medford
  • Harry C. Kendall Planetarium (part of Oregon Museum of Science and Industry), Portland
  • Planetarium at Chemeketa Community College, Hayesville
  • Science Factory, Eugene
  • Planetarium Sky Theater, Mt. Hood Community College, Gresham, Oregon
Pennsylvania
  • Bethlehem-Center Middle School, Fredericktown
  • Buhl Planetarium (part of Carnegie Science Center), Pittsburgh
  • Charles M. Kanev Planetarium, Dickinson College, Carlisle
  • Detwiler Planetarium, Lycoming College, Williamsport
  • Fels Planetarium at the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia
  • Hatter Planetarium at Gettysburg College, Gettysburg
  • North Hills High School, West View
  • Peirce Planetarium, Clarion University, Clarion
  • Planetarium at the Reading Public Museum, Reading
  • The Planetarium at State Museum of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg
  • Seneca Valley High School, Harmony
  • Steel Valley High School, Munhall
  • Ted Pedas Planetarium, Farrell Area High School
  • Yahn Planetarium at Penn State Behrend, Erie
  • Edinboro University Planetarium at Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, Edinboro, Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
  • Roger Williams Park Museum of Natural History and Planetarium, Providence
South Carolina
  • DuPont Planetarium at the University of South Carolina Aiken, Aiken
  • SCSM Planetarium, Columbia
  • Stanback Planetarium, Orangeburg
  • T. C. Hooper Planetarium at the Roper Mountain Science Center,[33] Greenville
Tennessee
  • Bays Mountain Planetarium at Bays Mountain Park, Kingsport
  • Heavens Declare Planetarium at the Wonders Center & Science Museum, Dickson
  • Sharpe Planetarium at the Pink Palace Museum and Planetarium, Memphis
  • Sudekum Planetarium at Adventure Science Center, Nashville
Texas
  • Angelo State Planetarium, Angelo State University, San Angelo
  • BASF Planetarium, Center for the Arts and Sciences, Clute
  • Blakemore Planetarium at the Museum of the Southwest, Midland
  • Burke Baker Planetarium at the Houston Museum of Natural Science, Houston
  • Center for Earth and Space Science Education, Tyler Junior College, Tyler – most advanced planetarium in the state of Texas
  • Gene Roddenberry Planetarium, El Paso
  • Lamar Bruni Vergara Planetarium & Science Center, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, Texas
  • Larry K. Forrest Memorial Planetarium, Cedar Park, now closed
  • Mayborn Science Theater, Central Texas College, Killeen
  • Moody Planetarium[34] Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock
  • Noble Planetarium, Museum of Science & History, Fort Worth
  • The Planetarium at UT Arlington, Arlington
  • Scobee Planetarium, San Antonio College, San Antonio
  • The Stephen F. Austin Planetarium at Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches
Utah
  • Clark Planetarium, Salt Lake City
  • Ott Planetarium at Weber State University, Ogden
  • Royden G. Derrick Planetarium, at Brigham Young University, Provo
  • Snow Planetarium at Snow College, Ephraim
  • Christa McAuliffe Space Education Center at Central Elementary, Pleasant Grove
Vermont
  • Lyman Spitzer Jr. Planetarium at Fairbanks Museum in Saint Johnsbury
Virginia
  • Chesapeake Planetarium, Chesapeake
  • David M. Brown Planetarium, Arlington
  • The Dome at the Science Museum of Virginia, Richmond, Largest screen in Virginia
  • J. Calder Wicker Planetarium, Fork Union
  • Herndon High School Planetarium (Fairfax County Public Schools), Herndon
  • Hopkins Planetarium at the Science Museum of Western Virginia, Roanoke
  • Irene V. Hylton Planetarium, Prince William County, Virginia
  • John C. Wells Planetarium, Harrisonburg
  • Mary D. Pretlow Planetarium, Norfolk
  • Norfolk State University Planetarium, Norfolk
  • Radford University Planetarium, Radford
  • Virginia Living Museum, Newport News
Washington
  • CPCCo Planetarium at Columbia Basin College, Pasco
  • Pacific Planetarium, Bremerton
  • Spanel Planetarium at Western Washington University, Bellingham
  • University of Washington Planetarium, Seattle
  • Willard Geer Planetarium at Bellevue College, Bellevue
  • Willard Smith Planetarium at the Pacific Science Center, Seattle
  • WSU Planetarium at Washington State University, Pullman
Wisconsin
  • Barlow Planetarium at the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh, Fox Cities Campus, Menasha
  • Daniel F. Soref National Geographic Dome Theater and Planetarium, Milwaukee
  • Horwitz-DeRemer Planetarium at Retzer Nature Center, Waukesha
  • Madison Metropolitan School District (MMSD) Planetarium, Madison
  • Manfred Olsen Planetarium at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee
  • Planetarium at University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, La Crosse
  • Planetarium at University of Wisconsin–River Falls,[35] River Falls

Australia

  • Science Space, Wollongong, NSW
  • Melbourne, Scienceworks Museum Planetarium, Melbourne
  • Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston
  • Scitech Planetarium, Perth
  • Sir Thomas Brisbane Planetarium, Brisbane
  • UNISA Planetarium, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide
  • Cosmos Centre, Charleville, Queensland

New Zealand

  • Sir Edmund Hillary Alpine Centre Digital Dome at The Hermitage Hotel, Aoraki Mt Cook
  • Perpetual Guardian Planetarium at the Otago Museum Dunedin
  • Planetarium North, Whangarei
  • Space Place at Carter Observatory, Wellington
  • Stardome Observatory, Auckland

Argentina

  • Complejo Astronómico Municipal, Rosario
  • Complejo Planetario Malargüe, Malargüe
  • Galileo Galilei planetarium, Buenos Aires
  • Parque Astronómico la Punta

Brazil

  • Brasília Planetarium, Brasília
  • Carmo Planetarium, Zeiss, São Paulo
  • Centro Dragão do Mar de Arte e Cultura, Zeiss ZKP-4
  • Colégio Estadual do Paraná, ZKP-1, Paraná
  • Johannes Kepler Planetarium, Sabina School Park of Knowledge, Zeiss, Santo André, São Paulo[36]
  • Professor Aristóteles Orsini Planetarium, Zeiss, São Paulo
  • Rio de Janeiro Planetarium Foundation, Zeiss, Rio de Janeiro
  • Universidade de São Paulo, Digistar 5, São Paulo
  • Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Gambato, Paraná
  • Universidade Federal de Goiania Planetarium, Zeiss, Goiás
  • Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Planetarium, Digistar 4, Rio Grande do Sul
  • Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Planetarium, Digistar 3, Santa Catarina
  • Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Planetarium, Zeiss, Vitória
  • Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Zeiss, Rio Grande do Sul

Chile

  • Planetario Chile (University of Santiago, Chile), Carl Zeiss VI, Santiago
  • Planetario Mamalluca, Municipalidad de Vicuña, Región de Coquimbo
  • Planetario Rapa Nui (Fundación Planetario Rapa Nui, Chile), Isla de Pascua
  • Planetario Movil Tikva, Purranque, Región Los Lagos

Colombia

Ecuador

  • Planetarium of Mitad del Mundo, Ciudad Mitad del Mundo-Quito
  • Planetario de la Armada -Guayaquil- (INOCAR)
  • Planetario Mundo Juvenil -Cuenca-
  • Centro cultural Planetario -Quito- (IGM)

Uruguay

Venezuela

  • Planetario del Museo de los Niños de Caracas, Caracas
  • Planetario Humboldt, [Zeiss] Caracas
  • Planetario Fundación la Salle de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, Punta de Piedra
  • Planetario Simón Bolívar (part of Complejo Científico, Cultural y Turístico), Maracaibo

See also

References

  1. "Media Advisory: Groundbreaking Ceremony for the ESO Supernova". Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  2. "Professor sets up pet planetarium in Belgaum | Mysuru News - Times of India". The Times of India.
  3. "Planetarium In Bihar: पटना ही नहीं अब बिहार के इन तीन और शहरों में भी तारामंडल, जानें क्या है प्लान 2022". News18 हिंदी (in Hindi). 2022-01-07. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
  4. Kulkarni, A. G. (June 1981). "Planetaria in India" (PDF). Planetarian. 10 (2). International Planetarium Society: 27.
  5. "Asia's oldest planetarium to reopen | Pune News - Times of India". The Times of India.
  6. "Bardhaman Darshan :: Explore Destinations". Archived from the original on 2013-09-23. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
  7. "MGM's Science Centre". Mgmapjscicentre.org. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  8. Modern High School For Girls Planetarium
  9. Sri Sathya Sai Space Theatre
  10. "Starry show for Ranchi, Now open state's first planetarium".
  11. "HOME". Vratino Technologies. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  12. "Home". vsrc.org.in.
  13. Centre d'Études et de Réalisations Astronomiques Pégoud
  14. AURIGA Star Dome
  15. London Mobile Planetarium
  16. Midlands Mobile Planetarium
  17. Wales Mobile Planetarium
  18. "Samford University Planetarium".
  19. Planetarium Projector and Science Museum
  20. Hōkūlani Imaginarium
  21. "Charles W. Brown Planetarium".
  22. "Holcomb Observatory and Planetarium".
  23. "Planetarium".
  24. "HOME - James E. Richmond Science Center". sciencecenter.ccboe.com. Retrieved 2022-07-13.
  25. "Exhibits - James E. Richmond Science Center". sciencecenter.ccboe.com. Retrieved 2022-07-13.
  26. "Seymour Planetarium | Springfield Museums". 2016-09-22.
  27. "Planetarium | Minnesota State University Moorhead". www.mnstate.edu. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
  28. "Planetarium Showtimes". University of Minnesota. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  29. Kiefer, Eric (27 July 2017). "NJ Science Center Gears Up To Build 'Largest Planetarium In USA'". Hoboken, NJ Patch.
  30. Fair Lawn High School Astronomy Center
  31. "Physical Sciences". Nassau Community College. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  32. "Explore. Engage. Learn". The Museum of Coastal Carolina and The Ingram Planetarium. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  33. "Welcome to Roper Mountain Science Center!".
  34. Moody Planetarium
  35. "Planetarium Location | University of Wisconsin River Falls". Uwrf.edu. 2010-06-24. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  36. "Planetário Johannes Kepler". Prefeitura de Santo André (in Brazilian Portuguese). 5 April 2013.

Further reading

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