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834

IRON MASK

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Table VI.—Production of Pig Iron (in thousands of long tons).

Year.	United States.	Great Britain.	Germany and Luxemburg.	The World.
1800	..	..	..	825
1810	54	..	..	..
1830	165	677	..	1,825
1850	565	..	..	4,750
1865	832	4825	972	9,250
1870	1,665	5964	1,369	11,900
1880	3,835	7749	2,685	17,950
1890	9,203	7904	4,583	27,157
1900	13,789	8960	8,386	38,973^c
1907	25,781	9924	12,672	59,721^c

Table VII.—Production of Pig Iron in the United States
(in thousands of long tons).

Year.	Anthracite.	Charcoal.	Coke and Bituminous.	Total.
1880	1614	480	1,741	3,835
1885	1299	357	2,389	4,045
1890	2186	628	6,388	9,203
1895	1271	225	7,950	9,446
1900	1677	384	11,728	13,789
1907	1372	437	23,972	25,781

“Anthracite” here includes iron made with anthracite and coke
mixed, “Bituminous” includes iron made with coke, with raw
bituminous coal, or with both, and “Charcoal” in 1900 and 1907
includes iron made either with charcoal alone or with charcoal mixed
with coke.

Table VIII.—Production of Wrought Iron, also that of Bloomary Iron
(in thousands of long tons).

	Wrought Iron.	Bloomary Iron direct from the Ore.
1870.
United States	1153	..
Great Britain	..	..

1880.
United States	2083(¹)	36
Great Britain	..	..

1890.
United States	2518(¹)	7
Great Britain	1894	..

1899.
United States	..	3
Great Britain	1202	..

1900.
United States	..	4
Great Britain	..	..

1907.
United States	2200	..
Great Britain	975	..

¹ Hammered products are excluded.

Table IX.—Production of Steel (in thousands of long tons).

		Bessemer.	Open- Hearth.	Crucible and Miscellaneous.	Total.
1870.
United States		37	1	31	69
Great Britain		215	78	..	292^a
		(for 1873)
The World		..	..	..	692^a
1880.
United States		1,074	101	72	1,247
Great Britain		1,044	251	80	1,375
Germany and
Luxemburg		608^a	87^a	33	728
The World		..	..	..	4,205^a
1890.
United States		3,689	513	75	4,277
Great Britain		2,015	1,564	100	3,679
Germany and
Luxemburg		..	..	..	2,127
The World		..	..	..	11,902^a
1900.
United States	${\Big \{}$ Acid Basic	6,685	853 2,545 ${\Big \}}$	105	10,188
United States	${\Big \{}$ Acid Basic	0	853 2,545 ${\Big \}}$	105	10,188
Great Britain	${\Big \{}$ Acid Basic	1,254 491 ${\Big \}}$	3,156	149	5,050
Germany and
Luxemburg		..	..	..	6,541
The World		..	..	..	28,273
1907.
United States	${\Big \{}$ Acid Basic	11,668	1,270 10,279 ${\Big \}}$	145	23,363
United States	${\Big \{}$ Acid Basic	0	1,270 10,279 ${\Big \}}$	145	23,363
Great Britain	${\Big \{}$ Acid Basic	1,280	3,389 1,279 ${\Big \}}$	..	6,523²
Germany and	${\Big \{}$ Acid Basic	381¹	209¹ 3,976¹ ${\Big \}}$	208³	11,873
Luxemburg	${\Big \{}$ Acid Basic	7,098¹	209¹ 3,976¹ ${\Big \}}$	208³	11,873
The World		..	..	..	50,375

¹ Ingots only. ² Bessemer and open hearth only. ³ Castings.

Table X.—Tonnage (gross register) of Iron and Steel Vessels built
under Survey of Lloyd’s Registry (in thousands of tons).

	1877.	1880.	1885.	1890.	1895.	1900.	1906.
Wrought Iron	443	460	304	50	8	14	0
Steel	0	35	162	1079	863	1305	1492

Table XI.—Production of Iron Ore (in thousands of long tons).

	1905.		1906.		1907.
	Thousands of Long Tons.	Per Cent.	Thousands of Long Tons.	Per Cent.	Thousands of Long Tons.
United States	42,526	37.4	47,750	38.6	51,721
Germany and Luxemburg	23,074	20.3	26,312	21.3	27,260
Great Britain	14,591	12.8	15,500	12.5	15,732
Spain	8,934	7.9	9,299	7.5	..
France	7,279	6.4	8,347	6.7	..
Russia	5,954¹	5.2	3,812	3.1	4,330²
Sweden	4,297	3.8	4,431	3.6	..
Austria-Hungary	3,639	3.2	4,024	3.3	..
Other Countries	3,457	3.0	4,297	3.5	..
Total	113,751	100.0	123,773	100.1

¹ Calculated from the production of pig iron. ⁠ ² Approximately. (H. M. H.)

IRON MASK (masque de fer). The identity of the “man in the iron mask” is a famous historical mystery. The person so called was a political prisoner under Louis XIV., who died in the Bastille in 1703. To the mask itself no real importance attaches, though that feature of the story gave it a romantic interest; there is no historical evidence that the mask he was said always to wear was made of anything but black velvet (velours), and it was only afterwards that legend converted its material into iron. As regards the “man,” we have the contemporary official journals of Étienne du Junca (d. 1706), the

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