Some of the axons of these cells pass in the connectives to ganglia above and below, while others pass with the splanchnic efferent nerves to the viscera.

The above sketch will give the general scheme of the sympathetic system, but its exact topographical details in man must be sought in the modern text-books such as those of Gray, Quain or Cunningham. Here only the larger and more important details can be given. In the ganglia ted chain there is a ganglion corres onding to nearly each spinal nerve, except in the neck, where only three are found; of these the superior cervical ganglion is more than an inch long, and is connected with the first four spinal nerves as well as T" From A. M. Paterson, in Cunéq

ningham's Text-Book of Anatomy.

TL 1 FIG. 6.-The Arrange@

ment of the Syrnriathetic

System in the horax,

from sacral nerves.

f

I' ll 6.1-, Abdomen and Pelvis.

I gl A T.H2, L.:-5, S.1-5, Ca,

I4 |, Anterior primary

1<'!¢ ~ divisions of spinal

T il I f i nerves, connected

" M, , ' to Cfzhef galngliated

A, ~ j cor Q the sym-rs

I - pathetic by réimx

~, communicant es,

QQ. 5,3 - white <doub1e lines)

111, Yu t ' » 31125) gray (single

I ' ll: Y

H l '7. l j — Oes, Oesophagus and

X I;. ~ esophageal plexus.

~u -ll ' Ao, Aorta and aorta

t' ' EN plexus.

W  t

 Va, Vagus nerve joining

I r. S gesophagezil plexus.

5 -4 .I, reat sp ancnnlc

°@' i cg" X dime' 1 h

M ", P

f.. / ., f;;;f S~' "' ' gaii;1ion. Sp “C ”'° / Selif; °~' S.2, Small splanchnic “, -'."~' § , : I .

0 S.. £5 y nerve .

LJ V . Sl S.3, Least splanchnic

ff; *lj nerve.

gf-~?f'f-X»¢»~:¢i1a:f. ~§ ; ' U' Orgnajry artery L, BE 11, an p exus.

A <='§ ; Spl, Splenic artery and

I " " plexus. 7

L i J H, I-gigiagc artery and

~ SP SL, Semilunar ganglion.

L4 lv" i Di, Diaphragm.

1 S.R, Suprarenal capsule.

I 1 Re Renal artery and

L' » ' plexus.

• ' T S.M, Superior mesenteric

V lui ' artery and plexus.

sr "E 5 Sp, Spermatic artery

H, ; gtg ., n erior mesen eric

S.: l ' ('T, ;"'1'.' § , Za artery and plexus. /V Hy, Hypogastric nerves

SJ ' <~“ and plexus.

', .» 2*-.

-'12 ' /' ~ f 13, Rec, Rectal plexus. z Ul, Uterine plexus.

S. ' Ves, Vesical plexus.

co i V.V.V, Visceral branches

EIC. U15 YES. V

with the ninth, tenth and twelfth cranial nerves (see fig. 5, Sy.I). Branches of distribution pass from it to the pharyngeal plexus, the heart and the two carotid arteries. Of these the branch accompanying the internal carotid artery passes to the carotid and cavernous <plexuses, and through these communicates with the sphenomaxnlary, otic and ciliary ganglia, while the branch to the external carotid communicates with the sub maxillary ganglion. The middle cervical ganglion (fig. 5, Sy.2), when it is present, gives rami communicant es to the fifth and sixth cervical nerves, as well as branches of distribution to the thyroid body and heart. The inferior cervical ganglion (fig. 5, Sy.3) lies behind the subclavian artery, and, besides the main connective cord, has a. loop (ansa Vieussenii) joining it to the middle cervical ganglion in front of that vessel. It communicates with the seventh and eighth spinal nerves, and gives branches of distribution to the heart and to the subclavian artery and its branches, especially the vertebral. The thoracic part of the sympathetic cord has usually eleven ganglia, which receive both white and grey rami communicant es from the spinal nerves (fig. 6); of the former the upper ones run up in the chain and come off from the cervical ganglia as alread described, while the lower ones form the three abdominal s plan clinics which pass through the diaphragm (g.~v.) and join the abdominal plexuses. The great splanchnic (fig. 6, SJ) comes from the sixth to the ninth anglia, and ends in the semi-lunar ganglion of the solar plexus ing. 6, SL). The small splanchnic (ng. 6, S.2) comes from the ninth and tenth, or tenth and eleventh ganglia, and ends in the aorticorenal gan lion of the solar plexus, while the smallest splanchnic (fig. 6, S5 comes from the last thoracic ganglion, whether it be the tenth or eleventh, and ends in the renal plexus. In the lumbar region the ganglia ted cord is very irregular; there may be four or more ganglia, and these are often fused. Gre rami communicant es are given to all the lumbar spinal nerves, andywhite ones are received from the first two. Most of the branches of distribution pass to the aortic plexus. The sacral ganglia ted cord runs down just internal to the anterior sacral foramina; it usually has four small ganglia, and the two cords end by joining the coccygeal ganglion or ganglion impar, though the two-fourth sacral ganglia are united by transverse inter funicular commissures. The white rami communicant es, already mentioned as the pelvic stream, from the second to the fourth sacral spinal nerves, do not enter the ganglia but pass directly to the pelvic plexuses (fig. 6, V). Sympathetic Plexuses.-In the thorax are the superficial and deep cardiac plexuses and the coronary plexuses; the former receives the left superior cervical cardiac of the Vagus, and lies in the concavity of the arch of the aorta. The deep cardiac plexus is larger, and lies in front of the bifurcation of the trachea; it receives all the other cardiac nerves, and communicates with the anterior pulmonary plexuses of the vagus (see NERVES: Cranial). The right and left coronary plexuses accompany the coronary arteries; the former communicates with both the cardiac plexuses, the latter only with the deep cardiac plexus. .

In the abdomen the solar plexus is by far the most important. It lies behind the stomach and surrounds the coeliac axis; in it are situated the semi lunar, aortico-renal and superior mesenteric ganglia, and from it are prolonged subsidiary plexuses along the main arteries, so that diaphragmatic, supra renal, renal, spermatic, coeliac, superior mesenteric, aortic and inferior mesenteric plexuses, are recognized. The hypo gastric plexus is the continuation downward of the aortic, and lies just below the bifurcation of the aorta (see fig. 6, Hy); it divides into two branches, which accompany- the internal iliac arteries and are joined by the pelvic stream of white rami communicant es from the sacral spinal nerves and some twigs from the ganglia of the sacral sympathetic to form the elvic plexuses. These are prolonged to the viscera along the branches of the internal iliac artery, so that haemorrhoidal, vesical, pro static, vaginal and uterine plexuses are found. By the side of the neck of the uterus in the last-named plexus several small ganglia are seen(For the literature of the sympathetic system, see Quain's Anatom y, London, 1895.)

EMBRYOLOGY or NERvoUs SYSTEM

The development of the brain, spinal cord and organs of special sense (eye, ear, tongue), will be found in separate articles. Here that of the cranial and spinal nerves and the s pathetic system is dealt with. The thoracic spinal nerves are the most typical, and one of them is the best to begin with. In fig. 7, A the ganglion on the dorsal root (DR) is seen growing out from the neural crest, and the cells or n euro blasts of which it is composed become fusiform and grow in two directions as the ganglion recedes from the cord. Those which run toward the spinal cord are the axons, while those growing into the mesoderm are probably enlarged dendrites. The ventral roots (VR) rise as the axons of the lar e cells in the ventral from of the grey matter, and meet the fibres oi the dorsal root on the distal side of the ganglion (fig. 7, B). As the two roots join each divides into an anterior (ventral) and a posterior (dorsal) primary division (fig. 7, D), the latter rowing into the dorsal segment of its muscle plate and the skin oi the back. The anterior primary division grows till it reaches the cardinal vein and dorsal limit of the coelom, and there forks into a somatic branch to the body wall (fig. 7, C, So), and a splanchnic or visceral branch (fig. 7, C, Vi) which joins' the sympathetic and forms the white ramus communicants. The somatic branch grows round the body wall and gives off lateral and anterior branches (fig. 7, E). In the limb regions the anterior primary divisions of the nerves divide into anterior and posterior secondary divisions, which probably correspond to the anterior and lateral branches of the thoracic nerves (fig. 7, E and F). These unite., with neighbouring nerves to form plexuses, and divide again, but the anterior nerves keep to the ventral side of the limb and the posterior to the dorsal.,

The cranial nerves are developed in the same wayas the spinal. so far as concerns the facts that the motor fibres are the axons

of. cells situated in the basal lamina of the mesencephalon and