such apprentices should be free at birth, but were to be supported by the masters of their parents for six years. There were consequently a few vestiges o the slavery system in New jersey until the adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Toward the political questions that disturbed the American people immediately before the Civil War the attitude of the state was conservative. In 1852 the Free-soil candidate for the presidency received only 350 votes in New jersey; and in 1856 the Democratic candidate received a plurality of 18,605 votes, even though William L. Dayton, a citizen of the state, was the Republican nominee for the vice-presidency. In 1860 three of the state's electoral votes were given to Douglas and four to Lincoln. During the Civil War New Jersey furnished 89,305 men for the Union cause and incurred extraordinary expenditures to the amount of $2,894,385 The state readily consented to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Federal Constitution, but in 1868 withdrew its consent to the latter. The Fifteenth Amendment was rejected by one legislature, but was accepted by its successor, in which the Republican party had obtained a majority.

Industrially the early part of the 19th century was marked in New jersey by the construction of bridges and turnpikes, the utilization of water power for manufactures, and the introduction of steam motive power upon the navigable waters. The second war with England interrupted this material progress, and at its beginning was so unpopular, especially with the Quakers, that the F federalists carried the elections in the autumn of 1812. But the attempt of this party to retain control by a “ gerrymandering ” process was unsuccessful. The Democrats were triumphant in 1813, and the Federalist as well as the Democratic administration responded with aid for the defence of New York and Philadelphia. The state also contributed several hundred men to the service of the United States. Material progress in New jersey after the war is indicated by the construction of the Morris (1824-1836) and the Delaware & Raritan (1826-1838) canals, and the completion of its first railway, the Camden & Amboy, in 1834.

The years following the Civil War were marked by great industrial development. The numerous projects, good and bad, that were inaugurated in 1866-1875, and the various kinds of laws and charters conferring special privileges that were secured, led to the constitutional prohibition of special legislation already mentioned. In this same period there was a bitter railway war. The Delaware & Raritan Canal Company and the Camden & Amboy Railroad Company, both chartered in 1830 and both monopolies# had been practically consolidated in 1831; in 1836 these joint companies gained control of the Philadelphia & Trenton railway; in 1867 these “ United New Jersey Railroad & Canal Companies ” consolidated with the New ]ersey Railroad & Transportation Company (which was opened in 1836 and controlled the important railway link between New Brunswick and jersey City), and profits were to be divided equally between the four companies; and in 1871 these entire properties were leased for 999 years to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. This combination threatened to monopolize traiiic, and it was opposed by the Central Railroad of New Jersey, the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western, and a branch of the North Pennsylvania (from Tenkintown to Yardley; sometimes called the “ national ” or “ air-line ”), and by the general public; and in 1873 the state passed a general railway law giving other railways than the United New Jersey holdings of the Penn* In 1864 a bill was introduced in 'the Federal House of Representatives making the Camden & Atlantic (now the Atlantic City) railway and the Raritan & Delaware Bay (now a part of the Central of New jersey) a post route between New York and Philadelphia and authorizing these railways to carry passengers and freight between New York and Philadelphia. Thereupon the governor and legislature of New Jersey protested that such a measure was an infringement of the reserved ri hts of the state, since the state had contracted with the Camden i Amboy not to construct nor to authorize others to construct within a specified time any other railway across the state to be used for carrying passengers or freight between New York and Philadelphia.

XIX. I7

sylvania the right to connect New York and Philadelphia. In 1876 the “ national ” line was extended to Bound Brook (as the Delaware & Bound Brook) and this road, the North Pennsylvania & Central Railroad of New jersey, were operated under a tripartite agreement as a through line between New York and Philadelphia; but in 1879 these three lines were leased for 990 years to the Philadelphia & Reading railway. The state itself then became engaged in a struggle with -the railways in order to secure from them their full portion of taxes, as the property of individuals was then taxed many times as heavily as that of railways. In 1884 the state gained the victory by securing the passage of a law taxing the franchises of railway corporations.,

A reform movement in politics, called the “ New Idea, ” and led by Everett Colby (b. 1874), then a Republican member of the Assembly and in 1906-1908 a state senator, began in 1904; it did much to secure the passage of acts limiting public service franchises to zo years (unless extended to 40 years by the voters of the municipality concerned), the increase of taxes on railways, the increase of franchise tax rates by 111% each year up to 5%, the adoption of direct primary elections, and the modification of the existing promoters' liability law. Before 1800 the state was dominated by the Federalist party; from that date until 1896 it was generally controlled by the Democrats, and from 1896 to 1911 by the Republicans. The governors of New Jersey have been as follows:- GOVERNORS: UNDER THE PROPRIETORS

Philip Carteret .... 1665-1672

John Berzy ........, 1672-1673

Anthony olvez ....... 1673-1674

Governors of East Jersey and their Deputies. Philip Carteret ....... 1674-1682

Robert Barclay ....... 1682“1688

Thomas Rudyard Deputy 1682-1683

Gawen Lawrie Deputy 1683-1686

Lord Neill Campbell Deputy 1686

Andrew Hamilton Deputy 1686-1688

Edmund Andros 1688-1689

Andrew Hamilton .... 1692-1697

]eremiah Basse ...... 1697-1699

Andrew Hamilton ...... 1699-1702

Governors of West Jersey and their Deputies. Edward Byllynge . .. 168O-1687

Samuel jennings Deputy 1681-1684

Thomas Olive Deputy 1684-1685

John Skene Deputy 1685-1687

Daniel Coxe 1687-1688

Edward Hunloke Deputy 1687

Edmund Andros 1688-1689

Andrew Hamilton 1692-1697

jeremiah Basse 1697-1699

Andrew Hamilton .. . 1699-1 702

UNDER THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT

Governors of New York and

New Jersey.

Edward H de, Lord Cornbury . 1703-1708 Hmm Lordy Lovelace .. 1708-1 709

ichard Ingoldsby, Lieut.-Governor 1709-1710 Robert Hunter . 1710-1719

William Burnet .. 1720-1 728

John Montgomerie 1728-1731

Lewis Morris,3 Pres. Council 1731-1732 William Cosby ~ 1732-1736

John Anderson, ” Pres. Council 1736 John Hamilton! Pres. Council . . 1736-1738 Governors of New Jersey only.

Lewis Morris .. ' 1738-1746

John Hamilton, Pres. Council 1746-1747 John Reading, Pres. Council 1747

jonathan Belcher . 1747-1757

Thomas Pownall, Lieut.-Governor 1757 John Reading, Pres. Council 1757-1758 Francis Bernard ... 1758-1760

Thomas Boone 1760-1761

wsiah Hardy .. 1761-1762

illiam Franklin .. 1762-1776

2 Governor-general of New Netherland. 3 jurisdiction only over New Jersey.

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