construction of Krupp's complete table is based on very simple rules. Thus, for the same relative length of gun, the weight of the projectile and of the charge are, with few exceptions, in proportion to the cube of the calibre. Again, the weight of the gun varies as the cube of the calibre multiplied by the length. The muzzle velocity is practically identical for guns of the same relative length, and varies as the square root of the length; consequently the muzzle energy varies directly as the length. ^ Two weights^ of projectile are given for every gun, but the muzzle energy of each, for the same charge, is identical; this result is never the case in actual practice. Similar arithmetical processes are utilized for the Schneider-Canet, Bofors and Skoda tables, and only the first named is therefore given.

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Table KXl.— Schneider-Canet Gu}is. Abridged Table.

Official Designation of Gun.

Calibre.

Weight of Gun.

Weight of Charge.

Weight of Projectile.

Muzzle Velocity.

Muzzle Energy.

Perforation

of Wrought

Iron.

Rate of

liring

Rounds.

Propc-Uant.

305 mm.

274-4 ..

240

200

175

150

120

100

75

57

47

In. 12-01

IO-9 9-45

7-«7 6-89

5-91 4-72

3-94 2-95

2-24

1-85

Tons. 57-6 41-9

28-0

16-25

10-8

6-8

3-5 2-0

1-2

•55 •30

lb.

lb.

826 606 407 231 165

99

48

28-6

14-3 6-0

3-3

Ft. -Sees. 3ii6 3116 31 16 3116 3116 31 16 3116 3116 31 16 3116 31 16

Ft.-Tons. 55.717 40,859 27.487 15,601

II. 143

6,686

3,268

1,931

917

400

223

In.

54-8 49-1 43-2 35-9 32-1

27-0 21-0

17-8

14-6

10-7

8-9

Per Minute.

Note. — The unabridged table gives only 45 and 50 calibre guns; the above table gives the particulars for 50 calibre guns.

Table XXll.—Belhlehem Steel Co.'s Guns. Abridged Table.

Official Designation of Gun.

Calibre.

Weight of Gun.

Weight of Charge.

Weight of Projectile.

Muzzle Velocity.

Muzzle Energy.

Perforation

of Wrought

Iron.

Kilte of

firing Rounds.

Propellant.

18 12 10

8

7 6

5 4- 4 3

2- I-

In. 18 12 10

724.

24 85

5

4-724

4

3

2-24

1-85

Tons, 60 53 35 18

14 8

4 4

lb.

6

5 4

75

2

6

85 43 245

ft. 2000 850 500 250 165 105 60

45

33

13

6

3

Ft. -Sees. 2250 2800 2800 2800 2900 2900 2900 2900 2900 2800 2400 2600

Ft.-Tons

70,185

46,195

27.174

13,587

9,619

6,180

3,490

2,623

1,924 707 240

142

In. 42-7 47-4 39-8 31-5 28-8 24-9 20-5

18-3 17-0 II-7

7-3 6-4

Per Minute.

Note. — The most powerful gun of each calibre has been selected.

Modern naval artillery may be looked upon as the high water mark of gun construction, and keeps pace with the latest scientific improvements. For coast defence the latest pattern of ordnance is not of the same importance; in general very similar guns are employed, although perhaps of an older type. Formerly in the British Service the heaviest guns have been used for this purpose; but of late years, where fortifications could be erected in suitable situations, the largest gun favoured is the 9-2-in. of the latest model. Other governments have, however, selected still heavier pieces up to 12-in. calibre, mounted in heavily armoured cupolas or gun houses.

As regards field material, mobility is still one of the primary conditions, and, as high power is seldom required, ordnance of medium calibre is all that is necessary. For siege purposes guns of 4-in. to 6-in. calibre are generally sufficient, but howitzers up to 28 cm. (11 -02 in.) were used at the siege of Port Arthur, 1904. All authorities seem agreed that for ordinary field guns 75 mm. or 3-in. calibre is the smallest which can be efficiently employed for the purpose, and the muzzle velocity is in nearly all equipments about 500 m.s. (1640 f.s.).

For mountain equipments all foreign governments have selected a 75-millimetre gun with a velocity of about 350 m.s. (1148 f.s.); in England, however, a 2-75-in. has been supplied to mountain batteries; this fires a projectile of 10 lb with 1440 f.s.

Field Howitzer batteries abroad have pieces of from 10 to 12 centimetres calibre and a low velocity; in England a 5-in. howitzer is at present used, but it is intended to adopt a 4-5-in. howitzer of 17 calibres in length for future manufacture.

Heavy shell power and long range fighting render the work of

the gun designer particularly difficult, especially when this is

combined with conditions restricting length and

Theory of .y^, gJgh^ . a.nd, in addition, other considerations,

especially for naval guns, may have to be taken into

account such as the allowable weight of the armament,

and the size of the gun house or turret. These and other similar

conditions are important factors in deciding on the type of design

gun atakiag.

which embodies most advantages for a heavy gun intended for the main armament. For land defence more latitude is allowed so long as this is combined with economy. With both heavy and medium naval guns the length is often limited to 45 calibres on account of pectiliarities in the design of the vessel, but usually great rapidity of fire, high velocity and large shell power are insisted upon. Again for Q.F. field guns, where high velocity is not of importance, ease of manipulation, rapidity of working and reliability even after months of arduous service are essential. Supposing, Tiowever, that the initial conditions, imposed by the shipbiulder or by the exigency of the case, can be fulfilled, it still remains to so design the gun that, when it is fired, there is an ample margin of safety to meet the various stresses to which the several portions of the structure are subject. The two principal stresses requiring special attention are the circumferential stress, which tends to burst open the gun longitudinally, and the longitudinal stress. The calculation for the last named is based on the supposition that the gun is a hollow cylinder, closed at one end by the breech screw and at the other by the shot, both being firmly fixed to the cylinder. The gas pressure exerts its force on the face of the breech screw and on the base of the shot thus tending to pull the walls of the cylinder asunder. But besides these there is the special stress on the threads of the breech screw which must receive very careful consideration.

Regard must also be had to the fact that in building up the gun, the smaller the diameter of the hoop and the longer it is, the higher must be the temperature to which it is heated before shrinking. This is necessary in order that the dilatation may allow sufficient clearance to place the hoop correctly in position on the gun, without the possibility of its contracting and gripping before

being so placed. Should it warp while being heated or while