loam, such as is suitable for the vine and the fig; this should be used in as rough a state as possible, or not broken small and fine. The bottom should slope towards the outer edge, where a drain should be cut, with an outlet, and on this sloping bottom should be laid a thickness of from 9 in. to 12 in. of rough materials, such as broken bricks or mortar rubbish, over which should be placed a layer of rough turf with the grassy side downwards, and then the good loamy soil to form the border, which should have a depth of about 2 ft. 6 in. The peach-tree is most productive when the roots are kept near the surface, and the borders, which should be from 8 ft to 12 ft. wide, should not be cropped heavily with culinary vegetables, as deep trenching is very injurious. Sickly and unfruitful trees may often be revived by bringing up their roots within 5 or 6 in. of the surface. It is questionable whether it is not better, in cold soils and bleak situations, to abandon outdoor peach culture, and to cover the walls with a casing of glass, so that the trees may be under shelter during the uncongenial spring weather.

The fruit of the peach is produced on the ripened shoots of the preceding year. If these be too luxuriant, they yield nothinlg but eaves; and if too weak, they are inca able of developing ower buds. To furnish young shoots in sufficient abundance, and of peach training and pruning.

naturally fall most readily

requisite strength, is the great object of Trees of slender-growing, twiggy habit into the fan form of training, and accordingly this has generally been adopted in the culture of

peaches and nectarines (fig

2). The young tree is, in

many cases, procured when

it has been trained for

two or three years in the

nursery; but it is generally

better to begin with a

maiden plant—that is, a

plant of the first year after

it has been budded. It is

then in ordinary practice

headed down to five or

from two to four shoots,

are trained in, the laterals

from which, if any, are thinned out and nailed to the wall. If there are four branches, the two central Ones are shortened back at the subsequent winter pruning so as to produce others, the two lower ones being laid in nearly at full length. In the following season additional shoots are sent forth, and the process is re eated till eight or ten principal limbs or mother branches are obtained), forming, as it were, the frame-work of the future tree. The branches may be depressed or elev ated, so as to check or encourage them, as occasion may arise, and it is highly advantageous to keep them thin, without their becoming in anv art deficient of young shoots. Sometimes a more rapid mode of formation is now adopted, the main shoots being from the first laid in nearly at full length, instead of being shortened The pruning for fruit consists in shortening back the laterals which had been nailed in at the dis budding, or summer pruning, their length depending on their individual vigour and the luxuriance of the tree In well-developed shoots the buds are generally double, or rather triple, a wood bud growing between two fruit buds; the shoot must be cut back to orie of these, or else to a wood bud alone, so that a young shoot may be produced to draw up the sap beyond the fruit, this bein generally desirable to secure its proper swelling. The point of this leading shoot is subsequently pinched off, that it may not draw away too much of the sap If the fruit sets too abundantly, it must be thinned, first w hen as large as peas, reducing the clusters, and then when as large as nuts to dstr1bute the crop equally; the extent of the thinning must depend on the vigour of the tree, but one or two fruits ultimately left to each square foot of wall is a full average crop. The final thinning should take place after stoning

The best-placed healthy young shoot roduced from the wood buds at the base of the bearing branch is to be carefully preserved and in due time nailed to the wall In the following winter this will take the place of the branch which has yust borne, and which is to be cut out lf there be no young shoot below, and the bearing branch is short, the shoot at the point of the latter may sometimes be preserved as a fruit bearer, though if the bearing branch be long it is better to cut it back for young wood. It is the neglect of this which constitutes the principal fault in carrying out the English fan sy stem, as it is usually practised. Several times during summer the trees ought to be regularly examined, and the young shoots respectively toplped or thinned out; those that remain are to be nailed to the wa l, or braced in with pieces of slender twigs, and the trees ought occasionally to be washed with the garden engine or thoroughly syringed, especially during very hot summers. After gathering the fruit all the wood not needed for extending the tree

FIG. 2.-Montreuil Fan Training.

six buds, and in the following summer

according to the vigour of the plant,

or for fruit bearing next season should be cut out so as to give the shoots left full exposure to air and light. The Montreuil form of training is represented by fig 2. The principal feature is the suppression of the direct channel of the sap, and the substitution of four, or more commonly two, mother branches, so laid to the wall that the central angle contains about 90°. The other branches are all treated as subordinate members. T his form is open to the objection that, if the under branch should die, the upper one cannot be brought down into its place The form a la Dumoutier (fig 5), so called from its inventor, is merely a refinement on the Montreuil method. The formation »s' iif'f/ "I

.& INK;/dy

—'—" T ' Qi//ff '/

. X 5, /.agqfg

" ers*

'~* —;

FIG. 3.-Dumoutier's Fan Training.

of the tree begins with the inferior limbs and proceeds towards the centre, the branches being lowered tree acquires strength. /Vhat is most method is the management of the

subordinates in the pruning for

as the

in this

from time to time

worthy of notice

e »-~..

I .

fruit. When a shoot promises -if

blossom, it is generally at sorre

distance from the point of insertion ""' Tli into the old wood, and the inter- 5.

mediate space is covered with wood b ¢ § ' / buds. All the latter, therefore, M /

which are between the old wood L1 /

and the blossoms c in fig. 4, except

the lowest b, are carefully removed U

by rubbing them off with the FIG 4 Pnming 5 la finger. This never fails to produce

a shoot d, the growth of which is

favoured by destroying the useless spray e above the blossoms, and inching off the points of those which are necessary to perfect the fi:uit. A replacing shoot is thus obtained, to which the whole is invariably shortened at the end of the year Seymour's form (fig. 5) approaches more nearly to the French method than any other practised in England; but the direct channel Dumoutier.

~ ,

   '

s e 5//”

Q r, sf:s»;2f*

FIG. 5.-Seymour's Fan Training.

of the sap is not suppressed, and this results in the production of branches of unequal vigour, which is very undesirable. For cold and late situations, Thomas Andrew Knight recommended the encouragement of spurs on the young wood, as such spurs, when close to the wall, generate the best organized and most vigorous blossoms, and generally ensure a crop of fruit. They may be produced, by taking care, during the summer pruning or dis budding. to preserve a number of the little shoots emitted by the yearly wood, only pinching off the minute succulent points. On the spurs thus formed blossom buds will be developed early in the following season. This practice is well adapted to cold situations. Peachtrees require protection, especially at the period of blossoming, particularly in the north of England and in Scotland. Canvas or Bunting screens are most effectual By applying these early m the season, great benefit may be derived from retarding the blossom till the frosty nights of spring have passed Wooden and glass copings are also very useful in warding off frosts Care must be taken that the roots always have a sufficient supply of moisture and that the soil is moist wherever the roots run. Forcing -The pruning and training of the trees in the peach house do not differ materially from the methods practised out of doors. It may also be stated here that when occasion arises peach trees well furnished with buds may be transplanted and forced immediately without risking the crop of fruit, a matter of some importance when, as sometimes happens, a tree may accidentally fail. In the forcing of peaches fire heat is commonly applied about December or January; but it may, where there is a demand, begin

a month sooner. The trees must be got to start growth very