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FIG. 1.-CutterYacht. 1, bow Splgthgng Tgrtlngali nating the club to which she belongs.; 5, gaff-topsail; peak of gaff, hoisted ly peak and throat halyarvs; mainsail; 8, end of ' boom and From Sir George V. Holmes's Ancient and Mo&'em Sfzips, Part I., by permission of the t font roller of Stationery Olioe. topping-lift. FIG. 8.—Sail Plan of the “ Santa Maria.” = same type as the jibs can be set on the stays between the mastsof a full rigged ship, and are then known as stay sails. But it can only be repeated that the variations are innumerable. Studdingsails are pieces added to increase the breadth (spread) of sails, and require the support of special yards, booms and tackle. The development of the rigging of ships is avery obscure subject. It was the work of centuries, and of practical men who wrote no' treatises. It has never been universal. ” A comparison of the four - masted junk given above with the figures of ships on medieval seals shows at least rnuch similarity. Yet by selecting a few leading types of successive periods it is possible to follow the growth of the fully rigged ship, at least in its main lines, in modern times. Fig. 8 gives the sail plan of the f'Santa Maria, ” the fla ship of Columbus. It is a modern reconstruction, made in 1893 in Spain at the Carraca arsenal, but is based on good authority. She has only the fixed bowsprit, with a yard and a sail hangin from it, the spritsag yard and. spritsail. The foremast has one course, the mainmast a course and topsail, the mizzeri a lateen sail. Fig. 9 is the “ Sovereign ot" the Seas, " a British warship of 1637. She still has only the fixed bowsprit, but a small upright mast has' been erected at the end, which serves to spread a sprit topsail. In some cases at least a sprit top gallant sail was used.' The mizzenmast still carries a late ens ail, but topsails have been added, and the whole /Z

V From Sir George V. C. Holmes's Ancient and Modern Ships, Part I., 'by permission of the Coritroller of H.M. Sta.tionery 0Eice¢ FIG. 9.-The“' Sovereign of the Seas.” rigging has multiplied and developed. Between the “ Sovereign of the Seas ” and the fully developed ship, given in fig. I the most apparent diilerences are in the rigging of the bowsprit and the mizzenmast. The sprit topmast has disappeared, and is replaced