devoted himself to the study of lichens, and has written an

excellent manual of "British Lichens," published by Reeve. He also gained the Neill prize at the Royal Society in 1859 for a paper on the spermogones and pycnides of lichens. He acted for some time as assistant-physician in the Dumfries asylum, and afterwards became medical superintendent of Murray's Asylum, Perth. He visited Norway and Iceland, and made collections of lichens and other plants. He is now, 1861, on a visit to Australia and New Zealand. He wrote numerous papers on botanical, physiological, microscopical, and chemical subjects—such as the colouring matter of lichens, the character of the evacuations in cholera, botany of Iceland, &c. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and of the Linnæan Society. He is an able and accurate observer, and possesses indefatigable energy and perseverance. His health has suffered lately from his laborious microscopical researches.—J. H. B. LINDSEY, Theophilus, a well-known Unitarian minister and writer, was born at Middlewich in Cheshire in 1723. In 1741 he was admitted at St. John's college, Cambridge, where, according to his biographer, he was much esteemed for amiability, diligence, and piety, and in 1747 was elected fellow of his college. He was ordained by Bishop Gibson, and presented to a chapel in Spital Square, London, but soon after entered the household of the duke of Somerset as chaplain. In 1754 he accompanied the duke of Northumberland upon the continent, and on his return became rector of Kirkby-Wisk in Yorkshire, which he exchanged for a living in Dorsetshire. Here he began to entertain doubts concerning the Trinity; but in 1763 he accepted a living in Yorkshire, which he retained till 1773, when he resigned and removed to London. On that occasion he published his first work, "An Apology for Resigning," followed by a sequel in 1776. In London he opened a room in Essex Street, where his congregation built him a chapel in 1778. Fourteen years later he received a colleague in the person of Dr. Disney, and the next year resigned altogether. During this period he wrote a number of theological tracts and pamphlets, in which he was mainly occupied in expounding and defending his peculiar tenets, in reply to his numerous literary opponents. His latest work appeared in 1802, and his death took place in 1808. Inferior to Priestley and to Belsham in a literary point of view, he is remembered as one of the most estimable Unitarians of his age.—B. H. C. LINGARD, John, D.D., the Roman catholic historian of England, was born at Winchester on the 5th of February, 1771. His family, a humble one, had long been Roman catholics. His early quickness of intellect and devoutness recommended him to the notice of two Roman catholic bishops, and in 1782 he was sent to study for the priesthood in the English college at Douay. The French revolution broke up the establishment, the surviving students of which, after successive migrations, settled for several years at Crook Hall, near Durham. Of this college Lingard, having completed his course of theology, was made vice-president, acting as professor both of natural and of moral philosophy. In April, 1795, he was ordained priest by Bishop Gibson at York. He had already begun to study carefully the history and antiquities of England from the point of view of a Roman catholic ecclesiastic. Fireside papers read to his friends of the college, were expanded into the well-known work, the "Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church," published in 1806, which reached a second edition in 1810, and was completely recast in the third one of 1844. In the following year, 1807, he contributed to the Newcastle Chronicle letters, afterwards published as "Catholic Loyalty Vindicated"—the first of a series of fugitive controversial writings, collected and republished in 1826. In 1808 the community once more removed to Ushaw, Lingard accompanying it. Three years afterwards he retired from it, to undertake the secluded mission at Hornby, refusing the presidency of Maynooth college, which he was strongly urged to accept. In the seclusion of Hornby he began his "History of England," with at first no aim beyond that of compiling an abridgment for the use of Roman catholic schools. But in the January of 1818, we find him negotiating with a (protestant) bookseller, Mr. Mawman, the sale of his well-known and elaborate work. For the history, so far as the death of Henry VII., he was to receive a thousand guineas. That portion of the work, in three volumes, appeared early in 1819, and in 1830 the eighth and concluding volume of the "Roman Catholic History of England, from the first invasion by the Romans to the accession of William and Mary in 1688." The work was rapidly successful, and new editions of the volumes as they appeared, were called for. The fifth edition of 1849-50, we may add (of which the sixth edition of 1854-55 is merely a stereotyped reprint), was carefully revised and much improved. Translations soon began to appear in French, German, and Italian. In 1821 Pope Pius VII. issued a brief, making Lingard a D.D.; and during a visit to Rome, it was with difficulty that the historian could persuade Leo XII. not to make him a cardinal. Writing and studying, Lingard lived quietly at Hornby, sometimes receiving under his roof visitors of distinction. Brougham, Scarlett, and Pollock, when going as barristers on the northern circuit, often ran over to dine with the historian of England. He lived in perfect harmony with the incumbent of Hornby, who bequeathed his pet animals to Lingard because he was sure that the historian would be kind to them. In conversation and private life he is described as having been simple, buoyant, and playful. He died at Hornby on the 17th July, 1851. For two editions of his history, he seems to have received upwards of £4000, with part of which he founded bursaries for the education of ecclesiastical students at Ushaw. The failure of a bank in 1839 threatened to trench on the provision made for his old age, and Lord Melbourne bestowed on him a pension of £300 a year. Besides the works already mentioned, he published anonymously in 1836 a translation of the four gospels, and several catechetical and other manuals. He was also a frequent contributor to Roman catholic periodicals, the Dublin Review, &c. To the last volume of the sixth edition of his history, the Rev. M. A. Tierney, "canon of St. George's, Southwark," prefixed an interesting memoir, of which we have availed ourselves on the present occasion.—F. E. LINGELBACH, Johann, a celebrated painter of the Dutch school, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Maine in 1625. Whilst quite young he went to Amsterdam, and after studying there some time proceeded to Paris, where for two years he was diligently occupied in the study and practice of painting. He then went to Italy where he stayed six years. In 1650 he returned and settled in Amsterdam, in which city he died in 1687. Lingelbach imitated the manner of Wynants and Wouvermans, but his execution is less masterly and his colouring colder. He is in fact one of the painters whose style marks the incipient stage of the decline of painting in Holland. His most successful pictures are views of Italian and Dutch sea-ports, in which he frequently introduces ruined architecture, and always numerous small figures busily employed. He also painted markets, fairs, and scenes of the carnival, with much skill and a strong sense of humour. His small figures and animals were much admired, and he was occasionally induced to paint them in the landscapes of Wynants and other contemporaries. There are a few clever etchings by him. Most of the continental galleries possess one or more paintings by Lingelbach.—J. T—e. LINGUET, Simon Nicolas Henri, a French author and advocate, born 14th July, 1736, at Rheims; guillotined at Paris, 27th June, 1794. Attached to the French engineers as instructor in mathematics, he went to Portugal and Spain, and at Madrid studied Spanish literature. On his return to France he went to the bar and obtained a brilliant reputation; but the publication of his "Theorie des lois Civiles" brought him a host of enemies. He was obliged to leave France, but returned, and fell a victim to the revolutionary tribunal. He published a large number of miscellaneous writings, the titles of which would more than fill one of our pages—P. E. D. LINK, Heinrich Friedrich, an eminent German botanist, was born at Hildesheim, on the 2nd February, 1767, and died at Berlin on the 1st January, 1851. His father was minister of the church of St. Anne at Hildesheim, and the son was educated at the Gymnasium Andreanum of that town. At the early age of ten he took a botanical trip with his father into the Hartz. His father died in 1782, and in 1786 young Link entered the university of Göttingen, where he prosecuted the study of medicine, and at the same time attended to natural science. In 1790 he took the degree of M.D. In 1792 he was appointed to the chair of natural history and chemistry in the university of Rostock, where he remained for twenty years. In 1797 he travelled in Portugal, and published an account of his journey. The botanical part was given in his "Flore Portugaise." In 1811 he became professor of botany at Breslau, where he continued for four years. In 1815 he was transferred to the chair of botany in Berlin, and was appointed also director of the Botanic garden and of the