for less than the original estimate inspired the promoters of

similar undertakings with such confidence in the ability of Locke, that the construction of many of the principal lines of railway in Britain and abroad was committed to his charge. Amongst other lines of railway and works of public improvement of which he was the chief engineer the following may be mentioned—the Lancaster and Preston railway; the South-Western railway; the Manchester and Sheffield railway; the Paris and Rouen and Havre railway; lines to Caen and Cherbourg; the Barcelona and Mataro railway; the Dutch-Rhenish railway; works for the improvement of the navigation of the Ebro; the Lancaster and Carlisle, the East Lancashire, the Caledonian, the Scottish Central, the Scottish Midland, and the Aberdeen railways; and the Greenock railway and docks. In many of these undertakings he received valuable aid from his partner Mr. Errington. He was returned to parliament in 1847 for the borough of Honiton, and continued to represent it in the liberal interest until his death. He was president of the Institution of Civil Engineers from 1857 till 1860; was a fellow of the Royal Society; and on the occasion of the opening of the Paris and Rouen railway was decorated with the order of the legion of honour by the king of the French. As a railway engineer Locke had the merit of appreciating the powers of the locomotive engine so far as to adopt steeper gradients than had ever before been attempted, and so to diminish greatly the cost of railways, and to render them practicable in districts which would otherwise have been deprived of the advantages of railway communication. The railways planned by him are favourably distinguished by the absence of great works, which he studied to avoid. He possessed extraordinary ability and energy in the conduct of business, as is proved by the vast extent of works which were executed under his direction during his very brief career, and by the enormous fortune which he left.—R. LOCKHART, Sir George, a distinguished Scotch lawyer, and president of the court of session, was the second son of Sir James Lockhart of Lee. He was admitted to practise at the bar in 1656, and two years later, through the influence of his brother, Sir William, was appointed lord-advocate to the Protector. At the Restoration he was permitted to exercise his profession, on taking the oath of allegiance and expressing his regret for his support of Cromwell's government. In 1663 he received the honour of knighthood. His great abilities and profound learning soon obtained him a most extensive practice, and in 1672 he was appointed dean of faculty. In 1674 he headed the advocates in their struggle with the court respecting the right of appeal from the courts of law to the legislature, and was in consequence suspended for a time from the exercise of his profession. In 1681 he was elected member of parliament for the county of Lanark, which he continued to represent till his death. He was nominated lord-president of the court of session in 1686, and supported King James in his attempts to free the Roman catholics from the operation of the penal laws. He was murdered 31st March, 1689, by Chiesly of Dalry, a savage and desperate ruffian, out of revenge for a decision given by the president, awarding a moderate provision to Chiesly's wife and children. Lockhart is declared by Bishop Burnet to have been the greatest lawyer and ablest pleader he had ever known, and Sir George Mackenzie, his great rival—though he accuses him of avarice and pride, and says his voice was bad and his countenance deformed by wrinkles—speaks in the highest terms of his knowledge of law, the lucid arrangement of his speeches, and his great logical power. His eldest son—

Lockhart, George, born in 1673, was a zealous partisan of the exiled family, and took a prominent part in political affairs during the reign of Queen Anne. He was indefatigable in his opposition to the government and to the treaty of union between England and Scotland, and was deeply implicated in all the Jacobite intrigues, and in the projects for a French invasion and the restoration of the Stewarts. He represented for several years the county of Midlothian in the imperial parliament, and was chiefly instrumental in passing the act restoring patronage and other obnoxious measures, with the avowed purpose of alienating the Scottish people from the British legislature. In 1713 he made a desperate effort for the dissolution of the union, which narrowly failed of success. When the rebellion of 1715 broke out, Lockhart was arrested; but after a long confinement, was released through the influence of his friends. In 1727 his correspondence with the exiled family fell into the hands of the government, and he fled to the continent in order to escape imprisonment. In the following year he was allowed to return home, and lived in retirement till December, 1731, when he was killed in a duel. He left Memoirs concerning the affairs of Scotland, and Commentaries which, though warped by his strong political prejudices, furnish valuable materials for a history of his times.—J. T. LOCKHART, John Gibson, a gifted and versatile writer, for many years editor of the Quarterly Review, was born in 1794 in Lanarkshire, at the manse of Cambusnethan, of which parish his father was minister. He was a child of two when the elder Lockhart was transferred to Glasgow to undertake the charge of one of the churches of that city. Lockhart was not distinguished at school; but at the university of Glasgow he became a conspicuous student, and in his sixteenth year gained the Snell exhibition, which has been the means of bestowing an Oxford education on many eminent Scotchmen. Proceeding, according to custom, to Balliol college, Oxford, he took a first-class in classics in 1813, and four years later he graduated B.C.L. His Balliol experiences afterwards contributed some lively sketches of men and things at Oxford to his novel of "Reginald Dalton." At the close of his academic career he visited Germany, with the literature of which he had already become acquainted, and at Weimar paid his respects to the poet Göthe. A knowledge of German was comparatively rare in those days, and Lockhart had also attained a considerable familiarity with the literature, especially the older literature, of Spain. On his return to Scotland he became a resident in Edinburgh, and a member of the Scottish bar. This was in 1816. Lockhart's talents, accomplishments, and social gifts soon made him a conspicuous member of the literary opposition with which the young tories of Edinburgh were beginning to confront the long supremacy of the Edinburgh Review. With John Wilson, then in the full vigour of his young manhood, physical and intellectual, Lockhart was on terms of intimate friendship, none the less warm because the two men, both of them gifted and admirers of the past, were dissimilar in character; the enthusiastic, glowing, and eloquent Wilson contrasting strongly with the satirical, reserved, and fastidious Lockhart. In 1817 Mr. William Blackwood started Blackwood's Magazine, under the editorship of the late Mr. Thomas Pringle the poet, and of Mr. Cleghorn the writer on agriculture. Lockhart and Wilson were among the early contributors to Blackwood; but it was not until the close, not long delayed, of Messrs. Pringle and Cleghorn's editorial connection with the magazine that the former became its leading spirits. Meanwhile, in 1818, some of the first-fruits of Lockhart's German studies became apparent by the publication of his (anonymous) version of Frederick Schlegel's excellent and compact Lectures on Literature. In this year he made the acquaintance of Sir Walter Scott, whose friendship he at once secured, and whose eldest daughter Sophia he married two years later. In 1819 Lockhart, now a foremost contributor to Blackwood, published his racy and vigorous sketches, chiefly of society in Edinburgh "Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolks," which displayed among the other talents of their author, a very decided one for mystification. Marrying in 1820, and residing near his illustrious father-in-law's seat of Abbotsford, Lockhart produced book after book—the spirited translation of Ancient Spanish Ballads, some of them contributed to Blackwood in 1821; in 1822 "Valerius, a Roman story," in which the conflict between early christianity and paganism was vividly depicted; "Adam Blair, a story of Scottish life," powerful and painful, of which Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter is a recent transatlantic echo; in 1823 "Reginald Dalton, a story of English university life," already referred to; and in 1824 "Matthew Wald," a little-known tale of great psychological merit. Besides the translation of the Ballads, another result of Lockhart's Spanish scholarship was his revised edition, published in 1822, of Motteux's translation of Don Quixote, to which he prefixed a spirited and eloquent "Essay on the life and writings of Cervantes." He was as yet careless seemingly of literary fame, for all his original works of this period were anonymous. In the crisis of Scott's fortunes in 1825-26 Lockhart was active and helpful; but his intervention came too late to save his father-in-law from ruin. Just before his fall the sanguine Constable projected his Miscellany, and to this Lockhart contributed in 1825 a "Life of Burns," which has gone through several editions, and remains the best biography of the great Scottish poet. In the following year, 1826, soon