and engaged in a war with the Hohenstauffens. In 1130 he

assembled the prelates of the empire at Würtzburg. The prelates acknowledged as legitimate pope, Innocent II., who had taken refuge in France. The following year the pope and the emperor met at Liege, and Lothaire promised to invade Italy. On the 30th April, 1133, he led Innocent to Rome, and procured his admission to the Lateran. In June he set out for Germany, and on his arrival he obtained from the princes and prelates an edict of peace for ten years. All the subjects of the empire were required to take the oath of peace. He again went to Italy, was everywhere successful, made himself master of Tuscany and Naples, and restored Innocent to the pontifical throne—from which he had been temporarily ejected—at the same time letting loose on the antipope the eloquence of St. Bernard. On his way back to Germany Lothaire died at a little village in the Tyrolese Alps, deeply regretted by the whole population of the empire.—P. E. D. LOTHAIRE II., King of Lorraine, was born about 825, and died 8th August, 869. From his father the Emperor Lothaire I. he inherited Switzerland, Alsace, and the country between the Meuse and the Moselle, formerly Austrasia, which received the name of Lotharii Regnum—in German Lothringen, changed in French to Lorraine. In 856 he espoused Teutberga, daughter of Boson, a Burgundian lord, and sister of Hubert, abbot of St. Maurice. A year after he repudiated her, and betook himself to a life of irregularity with the fair Walrada. Gunther and Teutgand, archbishops of Cologne and Treves, induced or compelled the queen to acknowledge some charge brought against her, and a divorce was the result. In 862 he espoused Walrada with the authorization of his bishops, while Hincmar protested against both divorce and marriage. This led to the council of Metz, which confirmed the divorce, apparently for the purpose of having the whole question submitted to the pope. Pope Nicholas, however, annulled the decrees of the council, and ordered the archbishops to appear at Rome. In 865 Lothaire was compelled to take back his first wife. He died at Piacenza on his way home from Rome, whither he had gone to make his peace with the pope.—P. E. D. LOTHAIRE, King of France, was born in 941, and died 2nd March, 986. At the death of his father, Louis IV., he was thirteen years of age, and was soon after crowned at Rheims in presence of the great feudatories of the kingdom. In youth he engaged in many petty wars; but when he became a man he enlarged his designs, and resolved to re-establish the kingdom as it had been in old times. His first attempt was on Normandy; but the Normans were too fierce for the political experiment, and compelled him to turn elsewhere. On the Flemish side he was more successful, and took the towns of Arras, Donai, and the surrounding territory. In 973 the Germanic influence ceased in Gaul at the death of Otho. In 978 Lothaire entered Lorraine at the head of twenty thousand men, and advanced as far as Aix-la-Chapelle, where he pillaged the imperial palace of Otho II. and carried off the insignia. Otho, burning with revenge, entered France with an immense army, and sacked everything save the churches, up to the gates of Paris. He was there checked, compelled to retreat, pursued, and severely handled at the passage of the river Aisne. On the death of Otho II. Lothaire made another attempt to annex Lorraine to France; but his plans were rendered abortive by the policy of Hugues Capet, who appears at this period to have been acquiring power; and, in the words of a chronicler, to have been "more king than the king himself." Lothaire died not without suspicion of having been poisoned by Hugues.—P. E. D. LOTTO, Lorenzo, a distinguished old Venetian painter, born about 1480. He studied under Giovanni Bellini, and seems to have established himself chiefly at Bergamo. He painted much in the Bellini taste at first, but was also influenced by the large manner of Giorgione, and the powerful contrasts of light and shade of the school of Leonardo da Vinci; some assume him to have been the Lorenzo who was a scholar of Leonardo. He died at Loretto about 1558. Many towns of Italy possess works by Lotto, in fresco as well as oil. In the gallery of Berlin is his own portrait, signed "L. Lotus, Pictor."—(Vasari; Tassi, Vite dè Pittori, &c.)—R. N. W. LOUBÈRE, Simon de la, poet, was born at Toulouse in 1642. After being envoy of Louis XIV. to Siam in 1667, he went on a secret mission to Spain and Portugal, and afterwards travelled with the son of the Chancellor de Pontchartrain. He was admitted a member of the Academy, and died at Toulouse in 1729. His poetry is chiefly lyric.—W. J. P. LOUDON, Gideon Ernst. See Laudon. LOUDON, John Claudius, a Scotch botanist and horticulturist, was born at Cambuslang in the county of Lanark on the 8th of April, 1783, and died from disease of the lungs at Bayswater on the 14th December, 1843. He was the eldest son of a Midlothian farmer; and his mother being left a widow with a large family, he was early called upon to exert himself in their behalf. He was educated as a landscape-gardener, and at the age of twenty he went to England to prosecute his profession. He took a farm in Oxfordshire in 1809, and he travelled during different years between 1813 and 1828 on the continent, visiting Sweden, Russian Poland, Austria, Italy, France, and Germany. During the latter years of his life he took up his residence at Bayswater, near London. He suffered much from rheumatism and stiffness of his joints. His right arm was broken and did not unite well, and was finally amputated, while his left was much contracted. Thus he suffered from repeated attacks of illness, and in spite of all this he carried on much laborious literary work. In a period of forty years he continued to publish both on botany, horticulture, rural architecture, arboriculture, and agriculture. Among his principal works are the following—"Encyclopædia of Plants, of Gardening, of Agriculture, of Cottages, Farm and Villa Architecture, of Trees and Shrubs;" Gardener's Magazine commenced in 1826 and continued till his death; Magazine of Natural History commenced in 1828, and finally incorporated with Taylor's Annals; "Illustrations of Landscape Gardening;" "Hortus Britannicus;" "Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum;" "Hortus Lignosus Londinensis;" Architectural Magazine; "Suburban Gardener." and numerous papers on laying out farms, plantations, gardens, hot-houses, cemeteries, &c. His works are of wonderful extent and magnitude, and required immense labour in their production. He left a widow (noticed below) and a daughter.—J. H. B. * Loudon, Jane, née Webb, daughter of a gentleman resident in the neighbourhood of Birmingham, made in 1827 her début in literature by the publication, anonymously, of the "Mummy, a tale of the twenty-second century," foreshadowing many of the actual results of the application of science to practical life. This work led to her acquaintance with Mr. Loudon, whom she married in 1831. She lent her husband active and valuable assistance in the preparation of his well-known works, some of which she has re-edited since his death. To the "Self-instruction for young gardeners," 1845, she prefixed an interesting memoir of him. Mrs. Loudon's original contributions to the literature of horticulture, botany, and natural history generally, have been numerous and varied. Among them may be mentioned her "Amateur Gardener's Calendar," 1847; "Botany for Ladies," 1852; "British Wild Flowers," 1856; and her very successful "Ladies' Companion to the Flower Garden," 1841, which has gone through numerous editions. Her own and her husband's literary merits have procured her a pension of £100 on the civil list.—F. E. * LOUGH, John Graham, sculptor, was born at Greenhead, Northumberland, early in the present century. The son of a small farmer, he was sent into the fields to work, as soon as he was old enough to tend the stock or to scare the birds. Whilst thus employed, he taught himself to draw and to make clay models. Some of these were accidentally seen at his father's cottage by a gentleman of the neighbourhood, who invited the boy to his house and showed him engravings and casts of ancient sculpture, and gave a right direction to his studies. Young Lough now devoted every spare hour to drawing and modelling, earned some money by his models, and at length felt confidence enough in himself to set out for London, and adopt sculpture as a profession. By the advice of Haydon he studied the Elgin marbles, but he did not place himself under any master. During the period that he was thus mastering the technicalities and studying the principles of sculpture, he had to endure many privations; but he passed safely through them all, and at length met with the reward which his industry and perseverance, no less than his genius, so well merited. Mr. Lough's first-exhibited work, "The Death of Turnus," appeared at the Royal Academy in 1826. In the following year he exhibited his colossal model of "Milo," a work which excited great interest, and which he was commissioned by the duke of Wellington to execute in marble. The way of the young sculptor was now clear. His