ing year he was elected professor of anatomy, and soon after

obtained also the professorship of music in Gresham college. In 1652 he was nominated physician to the army in Ireland, an appointment which exercised a most important influence on his future fortunes. His professional income was very large, and in addition he obtained upwards of £10,000 for his services in surveying the estates forfeited by the Irish rebellion of 1641. He was appointed one of the commissioners for dividing these lands among the officers and soldiers of Cromwell's army, and obtained a gift of large estates, besides making very advantageous purchases. In 1654 Dr. Petty was nominated secretary to Henry Cromwell, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, and in 1657 he was made clerk of the council. In the following year he was chosen to represent the borough of West Looe in Richard Cromwell's parliament. When the Restoration took place, he was cordially received by Charles II., who conferred upon him the honour of knighthood, appointed him surveyor-general of Ireland and one of the commissioners of the court of claims, and confirmed him in the possession of the forfeited estates which had been granted to him. In 1663 he invented a double-bottomed ship, to sail against wind and tide, a model of which is still preserved in the repository of the Royal Society, and wrote several essays on the subject of naval architecture. He devoted himself zealously to the improvement of his Irish estates, opened lead mines, set up iron works, commenced a trade in timber, and established a pilchard fishery, all in Kerry. His active and useful life was brought to a close in 1687 by a gangrene in his foot. He was buried in the church of his native town. Sir William Petty's reputation rests mainly on his treatises upon trade and commerce. His views on those topics were far in advance of those of most of his contemporaries. He foresaw the advantages which would result from a union between Great Britain and Ireland, and from a free trade between the two countries. His principal works are—a "Treatise on Taxes and Contributions," &c.; "Verbum Sapienti;" "Political Arithmetic;" "Political Anatomy of Ireland;" "Observations on the Tables of Mortality of Dublin for the year 1681;" "Observations on London and Rome;" "Quantulumcunque"—a treatise on money; "Supplex Philosophia." His will is a singular and characteristic document. Sir William Petty was the founder of the Lansdowne family.—J. T. PETTYT or PETYT, William, the author of "Jus Parliamentarium, or the ancient power, jurisdiction, rights, and liberties of the parliament revived," and of other treatises on the constitution, was born in 1636 at Storithes, near Skipton, in Yorkshire. He studied law, and was called to the bar by the Inner temple, of which society he subsequently became treasurer. He was appointed keeper of the public records preserved in the Tower, of which he left a calendar and various extracts, which with other manuscripts of his are preserved in the Inner temple library. He died in 1707, and was buried in the Temple church. For a list of his works see Lowndes' Manual.—R. H. PEUCER, Gaspard, celebrated for his scholarship and misfortunes, was born in 1525 at Bautzen in Lusatia. He was educated at Wittemberg. His splendid talents attracted the attention of Melancthon, one of whose daughters he married. He became professor, first of mathematics and afterwards of medicine, and taught with distinguished success. He was an object of admiration to the whole court of Saxony; but his fortunes were soon blighted. He was a zealous Philippist or Melancthonian, and was suspected of an attachment to the doctrines of the sacramentarians, and the affections of the elector cooled towards him. Accused of being the author of a treatise on the Lord's supper, in which the Zwinglian tenets on that subject were defended, he was thrown into prison in 1574, and treated with great rigour. Writing materials were denied him, and he was obliged to inscribe his thoughts on the margin of old books, and to use ink made of burnt crusts tempered with water. After eleven years' imprisonment he was liberated by Christian, the successor of Augustus. When he regained his liberty he found that his wife was dead. He retired to Zerbst, and in 1587 a rich widow, who highly esteemed his talents and virtues, gave Peucer her hand. He died in 1602. He was the author of a great number of books, most of which are now forgotten.—D. G. PEUTINGER, Conrad, one of the pioneers in the study of classical antiquities, was born at Augsburg in 1465. He is reported to have studied law at Padua, and polite literature at Rome. Retiring to Germany, the reputation of his acquirements obtained for him the office of secretary to the senate of Augsburg. Harassing as were his engagements, he found leisure to decipher inscriptions, collect MSS., and preside over a society established for the purpose of printing the best Latin and German authors. The Emperor Maximilian, charmed with his genius, elevated him to the rank of councillor, but Peutinger could not be prevailed upon to assume the title. In 1519 he was deputed to Bruges to congratulate Charles V. on his election to the imperial crown. He died in 1547. The name of Peutinger is specially remembered for a map (Tabula Peutingerina) of the roads of the ancient Roman world, which was found in a library at Speyer by Conrad Celtes, who bequeathed it to Peutinger.—D. G. PEYER, John Conrad, an eminent anatomist, was born at Schaffhausen in 1659. He dissected under Duverney at Paris, and afterwards took the degree of M.D. at Basle in 1681. He was the first anatomist who described certain groups or patches of glands, which occur beneath the mucous membrane of the small intestine. These structures are known in anatomy as the agminate glands, or "the glands of Peyer." The work in which he announced his researches was published at Schaffhausen in 1677. It is entitled "Exercitatio Anatomico-medica de Glandulis Intestinorum." He also wrote a treatise on the method of making dissections for the purposes of pathological anatomy, "Methodus Historiarum Anatomico-medicarum," and some other works on anatomical and physiological subjects, amongst which are one on rumination entitled "Merycologia, seu de Ruminantibus et Ruminatione Commentarius," and another on the anatomy of the stomach of the domestic fowl. These treatises are republished in the Bibliotheca Anatomica of Le Clerc and Magnetus. His pursuits, however, were not confined to anatomy; on settling in his native country he filled the chairs of eloquence, logic, and natural philosophy. He died in 1712.—His son, John James Peyer, was also a physician at Schaffhausen. He published a collection of anatomical observations.—F. C. W. PEYRÈRE, Isaac de la, born of protestant parents at Bordeaux in 1594, was employed by the French ambassador to Denmark in 1644. He then entered the service of the prince of Condé, who sent him on business to Spain and elsewhere. He is best known for his work in favour of pre-Adamites, or men before Adam, published in Holland in 1655, and soon after burned at Paris. He was himself imprisoned for it in Belgium, but was released and went to Rome, where he abjured his protestant and pre-Adamite principles at the same time. His conversion was always suspected, and he seems to have died without any real change of sentiments. His death occurred in 1676.—B. H. C. PEYRONNET, Charles Ignace, Count, was born at Bordeaux in 1775, and was educated for the bar. His father fell a victim to the revolutionary hatred of aristocrats, and the young advocate was far from successful in his profession until the fall of Napoleon in 1814. The Hundred Days gave him occasion for a display of royalism in escorting the duchess of Angoulême to an English ship. He was rewarded in 1815 by being appointed president of one of the law courts in Bordeaux. Four years later he was called to Paris, to conduct the crown prosecution against the conspirators of the 19th of August, 1829. The same year he entered the chamber of deputies. By the favour of friends at court he was somewhat unexpectedly raised to the ministerial position of keeper of the seals, and often afforded the liberal party in the chamber materials for ridicule by his extravagant loyalty and his violent speeches. His determined efforts to strengthen the prerogative of the crown raised him many enemies. Two projects of law which he brought forward made him especially obnoxious to the popular feeling in France—the law against sacrilege, and that regulating the liberty of the press. The latter scheme encountered so violent an opposition that it was withdrawn. The vituperation and calumny with which Peyronnet was assailed, did not drive him from office nor prevent his advancement. He was made Count in 1822, and on the fall of Villéle's ministry, of which he was a member, he was raised to the upper chamber. On the formation of Polignac's ministry he became minister of the interior, and shared in the responsibility of the ordinances which brought about the revolution of 1830. He was tried for his political offences and condemned to perpetual imprisonment. Pardoned in 1836. Died in 1854.—R. H. PFAFF, Christoph Matthias, one of the most eminent German theologians of the eighteenth century, was born at Stuttgart, 25th December, 1686, and was educated in the university of Tübingen, where his father was a member of the theological faculty. At nineteen he was appointed a tutor in the university;