finally patriarch of Constantinople, where he died about 1371.

He wrote in Greek on doctrinal and ascetic subjects, sermons, &c. Most of his published works have been translated into Latin.—(See Dupin, Bibliotheca, xi., 101.)—B. H. C. PHILPOT, John, a divine and martyr, born at Compton, Hampshire. He studied at Oxford, and afterwards went abroad. He returned early in the reign of Edward VI., and was made archdeacon of Winchester. He was a zealous promoter of the Reformation, and wrote against Arianism. While in Italy he was in danger from his opinions, and at home Gardiner sometimes forbad him to preach; but he continued his opposition to popery after the accession of Mary, whereupon he was imprisoned for a year and a half. During this time he was often examined, and in his defence showed great courage and ability. At length he was condemned by Bonner, and was burned in Smithfield, December 18, 1555. He suffered triumphantly. He was a man of learning, as is shown by his "Epistolæ Hebraicæ," and his other works printed by Fox, including an account of his examinations, which Fox translated into Latin.—B. H. C. PHILPOT. See Philipot. PHILPOTTS, Henry, Bishop of Exeter, prebendary of Durham, was born at Bridgewater in the year 1778. He was educated at Corpus Christi college, Oxford, where he gained a scholarship before he was fourteen, and obtained the chancellor's prize essay, 1795. Having been promoted to a fellowship at Magdalen college in the same university, he took his degree of M.A., 1798; B.D. and D.D., 1821; he was ordained deacon in 1802 by the then bishop of London, and priest in 1804 by the bishop of Bangor. He was created canon of Durham cathedral, 1831, and was consecrated bishop of Exeter in the same year. Bishop Philpotts' writings are most voluminous, consisting chiefly of trenchant pamphlets on various points affecting the doctrine and discipline of the Church of England, besides some on the administration of the poor laws. Among the principal are, a Letter to the Right Hon. W. S. Brown on a bill to amend the laws respecting the settlement of the poor, 8vo, Durham, 1819; and a series of letters to various persons relative to what were then called the Roman catholic claims. These were marked by the strongest protestant sentiments, expressed in very terse and vigorous language, until the year 1828, when Dr. Philpotts found reason to change his sentiments upon the subject. In his writings after he was raised to the episcopal bench he opposed the present system of national education carried on in Ireland; he was in favour of the offertory as a means of supporting the charities of the church; he was desirous of promoting the strict observance of the rubrics among the clergy of his diocese, and opposed to the use of such lay agency mingled with quasi-ministerial character as distinguishes scripture readers; he held high and peculiar views relative to the sacrament of baptism, was opposed to all relaxations of the law of marriage within the prohibited degrees, and entirely condemned the modern theories concerning the inspiration and interpretation of holy scripture which have been developed especially in the Essays and Reviews. Many eminent nonconformist ministers and laymen have expressed their admiration of the vigorous protests which the aged bishop made against these opinions, however hostile they may have been to his views on confession and absolution, and the necessity of episcopal ordination. Till within a few years of his death he was remarkable as one of the few men "whose mental eye is not dimmed nor natural force abated," yet he was a valetudinarian in many senses for a long period. The net value of his see was only £2700; but he gave very large sums for the promotion of church education. His jurisdiction extended over the counties of Devonshire, Cornwall, and the Scilly Isles, and a population of about a million of souls. He died on the 19th of September, 1869, at a very advanced age.—T. J. PHIPPS, Constantine John, Lord Mulgrave, born in 1734, is chiefly remembered in connection with a voyage into high northern latitudes, made in 1773. He was the son of an Irish peer, and early in life entered the naval service of Britain. The project of a north-west passage to the Indies, revived under the influence of the Royal Society of London, attracted the notice of the British government, when Captain Phipps was intrusted with the command of an expedition, consisting of the Racehorse and Carcass bombs, for the purpose of ascertaining the practicability of approaching the northern pole. Leaving the Thames in June, 1773, he reached with his ships the northernmost extremity of Spitzbergen, but was prevented by the ice from passing the latitude of 80° 48´. Phipps became a member of the house of commons in 1775, and was two years later made one of the lords commissioners of the admiralty, continuing his services at sea at intervals with his political functions. He was raised to the peerage of Britain in 1784, and died at Liege in 1794, in the course of a visit to the continent, undertaken for the purpose of restoring his failing health. The narrative of his voyage to the North pole, by his own pen, published in 1774, contains much curious and valuable information.—W. H. PHLEGON, a Greek writer, native of Tralles in Lydia, was freedman to Hadrian the emperor; he belonged therefore to the second century of the christian era. Of his life nothing is known. As an author he is voluminous. He published, 1, a treatise on wonderful things; 2, of long-lived persons in Italy, i.e., such as had reached one hundred and twenty years; 3, an account of the Olympiads from 1 till 229; 4, an abridgment of the last; 5, an epitome of the Olympic conquerors; 6, an account of Sicily; 7, three books relating to the Roman feasts; 8, respecting localities in Rome; 9, women intelligent and manly in matters of war; and, 10, a life of Hadrian. The first is full of silly stories and fables. It is now imperfect at the beginning. The second contains a mere list of names, with an extract from the Sibylline oracles. The third was dedicated to Alcibiades, and is now lost, except a few fragments. The fourth and fifth are also lost; and the sixth, seventh, and eighth are only mentioned by Anidas. The authenticity of the tenth is doubtful. It was first published by Heeren. The ninth was not really written by Phlegon, but by Hadrian himself. The best edition of the remains is Westermann's, 8vo; Brunswick, 1839.—S. D. PHOCAS, a Byzantine emperor, who reigned from 602 to 610. From the position of a groom he gradually rose to the rank of centurion in the army of the Emperor Manucius; and in 602, on the defection of the army then employed against the Moors, he was chosen by the soldiers to be their commander. He marched upon Constantinople, was proclaimed emperor, and at once ordered the execution of Manucius, his sons, and his chief adherents. He soon became involved in an unsuccessful war with the Persians, owing to the machinations of Narses, a follower of Manucius, who afterwards fell into his hands and was burned alive. The Empress Constantina having been detected in conspiracy against him, also suffered death, along with her daughters. The cruel and oppressive reign of Phocas was at last terminated by a revolt under Heraclius, who took Constantinople in 610, and destroyed the tyrant.—D. M. PHOCION, an Athenian general and statesman, was born 403 b.c. He is said, though on doubtful authority, to have been the son of a turner; but he studied first under Plato, and afterwards under Xenocrates. Though his aspect was stern and forbidding and his behaviour stoical, he had a kind and generous disposition. He served first under Chabrias, an able though impetuous commander, and then at Naxos, 377 b.c., where he contributed largely to the naval victory gained by the Athenians. In the war with Philip of Macedon, Phocian was sent to Eubœa at the head of a small army, and obtained a complete victory over the enemy. He was successful in many other engagements, but his abilities were more conspicuously displayed in diplomacy than in war. He was the leader of the peace party, and strenuously opposed the policy of Demosthenes, and other orators, who denounced all attempts to come to an accommodation with their formidable antagonist, Philip of Macedon. Although the Athenians often smarted under his rebukes, his well-known probity and the simplicity of his habits secured their confidence, and he was forty-four times elected general, without any solicitation on his part. Consistently with his cautious policy, he opposed the attempt to throw off the Macedonian yoke after the death of Alexander the Great. But amid the dissensions which ensued, a revolution took place in Athens; and the democratic party, having gained the ascendancy, condemned Phocion and their other leading opponents to death. He patiently submitted to the iniquitous sentence, but strove earnestly, though without success, to save the lives of his associates. "What," he demanded of the infuriated populace, "have these innocent men done to deserve death?" "They are your friends," was the savage reply, "and that is enough." He suffered death with the greatest composure (317 b.c.), and left an injunction to his son to forget the ill-treatment his father had received from the Athenians. As in the case of Socrates the people soon repented of their injustice and ingratitude, and not only erected a statue of bronze to