RADCLIFFE, Thomas, Earl of Sussex, a distinguished warrior

and statesman in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, was of ancient and honourable descent, uniting in his person the representation of the Fitzwalters as well as of the Radcliffes. He was born in 1526, and was the eldest son of Henry, second earl of Sussex of the Radcliffe family, by Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Howard, second duke of Norfolk. He was bred a statesman from his early youth, and before he had reached his thirtieth year had been ambassador to the court of Spain, to negotiate the marriage between Queen Mary and Philip IV., and had filled the office of lord-deputy of Ireland. In 1556 he was appointed chief-justice of the royal forests south of the Trent, and was made a knight of the garter; and in the following year obtained the office of captain of the pensioners, and a renewal of his commission as lord-deputy. Elizabeth, immediately on her accession to the throne, appointed him to the same office, and in 1561 nominated him lieutenant and governor-general of Ireland. He was repeatedly sent on important missions to the German court. In 1569 he was appointed president of the North, a situation of the highest trust and importance, the duties of which he discharged with equal bravery and skill, and was mainly instrumental in quelling the great northern rebellion. He acted as one of the commissioners appointed to investigate the charges against Queen Mary, and two years later, in compliance with the orders of Elizabeth, made repeated and most destructive inroads into Scotland, devastating the country with merciless barbarity. His sense of honour revolted at some parts of Elizabeth's crooked and dishonest policy, against which he warmly protested in a letter to Randolph. He was a member of the court appointed to try his kinsman and friend, Thomas, fourth duke of Norfolk, and must have discharged his painful duty with great tenderness, as that unfortunate nobleman desired as his last request that his best George, chain, and garter should be given to Sussex. In 1572, in consequence of feeble health, he exchanged his more laborious duties for the office of lord chamberlain, which he held till his death in 1583. There was a long-continued and deadly rivalry between Sussex and Leicester, and the former when on his deathbed predicted to his followers that after his death the gipsy, as he termed the queen's worthless favourite, would prove too many for them. Sussex was one of the bravest, wisest, and best of Elizabeth's most trusted councillors.—J. T. RADETZKY DE RADETZ, Joseph Wenzel, Count, a celebrated Austrian field-marshal, was born, the scion of a noble family, at Trzebniz, in the circle of Klattau in Bohemia, on the 2nd November, 1766. He entered the Austrian army in 1784, served in the campaigns against the Turks in 1788-89, and in those against the French revolution in 1792-95. Steadily rising in rank and consideration, and distinguishing himself in engagement after engagement, he commanded the fifth army corps in the war of 1809, and at the peace, having been made chief of the staff, devoted himself for some years to reorganizing the Austrian army. In the closing years of the European struggle against Napoleon, as chief of the staff to Prince Schwartzenberg, he was very prominent, and is said to have planned the operations which inflicted on Napoleon the terrible defeat of Leipsic. After the peace which followed Waterloo Radetzky filled several high posts, and in 1831, when a man of experience and energy was required for the duty, he was appointed to the command of the Austrian army in Italy. Attached to the policy of the court of Vienna, Radetzky concentrated his energies on perfecting the discipline and organization of the Austrian army in Italy, and his annual autumn manœuvres were visited by military men from other countries. In 1836 he had been appointed a field-marshal, and in 1848 came the struggle which he had long anticipated, and for which he had long entreated the cabinet of Vienna to prepare. On the 18th of March, 1848, insurrection broke out at Milan. After several days of street-fighting Radetzky, seeing that Italy was "up," and that the Piedmontese army was in motion, prudently evacuated Milan and retreated to Vienna, which in June was threatened by Charles Albert. After several movements and engagements, varying in their results, Radetzky, who had resumed the offensive, defeated the Sardinians at Custozza (25th July), re-entered Milan (6th August), and granted an armistice to Charles Albert. The armistice ceased in March, when Radetzky crossed the Ticino, defeated the Piedmontese in several engagements, and by gaining the crowning victory of Novara (23d March, 1849), conquered a peace which brought with it the abdication of Charles Albert and the restoration of the Austrian rule in Italy. In a campaign of less than a week's duration, these results had been achieved by a general in his eighty-third year. Radetzky was now appointed governor-general of Austrian Italy, civil and military, and he was past ninety when in February, 1857, he obtained permission to retire into private life. He died at Milan, full of years and honours, on the 5th of January, 1858. Soon afterwards were published selections from his remains, "Denkschriften militärisch-politischen Inhalts, aus dem handschriftlichen Nachlasse des Grafen Radetzky," Stuttgard & Augsburg, 1859.—F. E. RAEBURN, Sir Henry, R.A , was born at Stockbridge, by Edinburgh, 4th March, 1756. He was apprenticed to a goldsmith; but having taught himself to draw, and having great readiness in catching a likeness, he commenced painting miniatures, and these soon became in such request that his master, dividing the receipts with him, found it more profitable to permit him to practise miniature painting, than to employ him at his proper business. As soon, however, as his apprenticeship expired he abandoned miniature for oil painting, teaching himself this branch of the art chiefly by copying the works of David Martin, a portrait painter of some repute in Edinburgh. Visiting London, he was received with great kindness by Sir Joshua Reynolds always ready to assist and encourage a young painter—and by his advice proceeded to Italy to study the great masters. There he stayed nearly three years. He returned to his native city in 1787, and at once acquired an excellent practice as a portrait painter. His popularity went on steadily increasing, until he was as decidedly placed at the head of the portrait painters of Scotland, as Reynolds or Lawrence of those of England. During his long career almost every eminent Scot—whether eminent by social rank, in literature, or in science—was painted by him, as well as many distinguished Englishmen. His talent was indeed equally recognized in the south and in the north In 1812 he was elected associate of the Royal Academy; in 1814 full member. He was president of the Royal Society of Scotland. When George IV. visited Edinburgh in 1822, Raeburn was knighted, and shortly after appointed portrait painter to the king for Scotland. He died July 8, 1823. Sir Henry Raeburn was one of the best painters of a head yet produced by the British school. With full length or fancy portraits he was not so successful; and with the female head less than with the male. With rare exceptions, his male portraits are characterized by a masculine breadth of treatment, vigour, intelligence, and individuality, however they may be wanting in minute finish and elaboration of details and accessories.—J. T—e. RAFFAELLE. See Raphael. RAFFLES, Sir Thomas Stamford, was the son of a captain in the West India trade, and was born at sea in 1781. He was educated at an academy in Hammersmith, from whence at the early age of fourteen he was removed to the situation of an extra clerk in the East India house. His abilities, and patient and unremitting discharge of his somewhat irksome duties, attracted the attention of his superiors, and on a vacancy occurring he was promoted over the heads of several other clerks. His leisure hours were diligently devoted to the study of literature and science, and especially to the acquiring of languages, for which he possessed extraordinary facility. In 1805 the court of directors having resolved to found a new settlement at Penang, or Prince of Wales' Island, Raffles had recommended himself so strongly by his behaviour that Sir Hugh Inglis appointed him assistant secretary to the new establishment. On the passage out he acquired a knowledge of the Malay language, which gave him an immediate advantage over the other officials, and in 1806 he was appointed secretary and also registrar to the new court of judicature. The fatigue and responsibility of organizing a new government and compiling all the public documents connected with it, brought on a severe illness, and Mr. Raffles was obliged in 1808 to proceed to Malaga for the recovery of his health. Here he had an opportunity of mingling with the varied inhabitants of the Archipelago, and obtained from them such a knowledge of the resources, trade, and customs of those islands as proved of essential service to him in the responsible situations he was shortly destined to occupy. At this period, too, he became acquainted with the lamented Leyden, and through him with the governor-general, Lord Minto, who treated him with marked attention, and reposed in him the most unreserved confidence. It was at the suggestion of Mr. Raffles that the expedition against Java was undertaken, and the arrangements, which were crowned with complete success,