displayed the simplicity and the self-denial, if not always the

wisdom, of a philosopher. He rose at half-past five, copied music till seven, then breakfasted. During breakfast he arranged on paper the plants which he had gathered the day before. From breakfast till dinner he again copied music. At half-past twelve he dined; at half-past one he went to a coffee-house. He then walked into the country to herborize, returning before the evening had completely closed in. In the very hottest weather he carried, when walking, his hat under his arm, thinking that the direct action of the sun on his naked head was beneficial to his health. Exactly at half-past nine he went to bed. In rainy weather he never went out. He was exceedingly temperate, and his habits were almost pedantically regular. His features were expressive, and the ruddy tinge always on his cheeks glowed more vividly when anything interested him. He was of middle height, had a good constitution, and he could to the last walk considerable distances without being fatigued. In May, 1778, Rousseau left Paris for Ermenonville at the invitation of his friend, the Marquis de Girardin. On the 6th July death put an end to the troubles of Rousseau. Did he shoot himself? Did he poison himself? Did he die suddenly of apoplexy? Which, of many contradictory statements are we to believe? His "Confessions" were not published till after his death. He both wrote well on music, and could compose tolerable music. His "Devin Du Village," of which the words and the airs were both from his pen, was long immensely popular. Rousseau, often misrepresented in great things, was just as often misrepresented in small. For instance, that Armenian dress, at which people laughed, was not worn for the sake of singularity, but on account of a painful disease to which Rousseau had long been subject. Rousseau might, without exaggeration, be called the greatest poet as well as the greatest prophet of the eighteenth century, even if he had not been that century's most eloquent writer. The regenerator of poetry though scorning the bondage of verse, he was the regenerator also of politics and of education. Whatsoever was noble or positive in the American and the French revolutions was his. He erred as often in his creed as in his conduct; but in an age of mockery and scepticism truth could have had no more valiant champion, and charity can forgive all his sins even if he had not been an incomparable genius.—W. M—l. ROUSTAM PACHA, Grand-vizier of Soliman the Magnificent, emperor of the Turks, was the son of a peasant, and rose by his personal ability and dexterity to the position of the second man in the Ottoman empire. He married the daughter of the sultan, and formed a close alliance with her mother, Roxelana, whom he aided in all her perfidious and sanguinary projects. He was her accomplice in the murder of her stepson, Prince Mustapha, and his share in that atrocious deed for a time lost him the confidence of his imperial master. He was ere long, however, restored to favour, and his sagacious counsels contributed greatly to the success of Soliman's schemes. Among other vices, Roustam was accused of avarice; but it is alleged that his extraordinary expedients to raise money were intended solely to fill the imperial coffers, and that over one room in the sultan's palace there was the inscription, "Money acquired by the diligence of Roustam." The attention of the vigilant minister was turned not only to the finances, but also to the reform of the old military system of the empire, and the equipments and discipline of the troops, but the fierce opposition of the soldiers compelled him to desist. Roustam was a man of great talent, firmness, and sagacity, but he was more able than estimable.—J. T. ROUSTAN, the well-known Mameluke attendant of Napoleon Bonaparte. His birthplace, country, and family have not been ascertained with certainty, but it is probable that he was born in Georgia about 1780. He was sold into slavery by some brigands, and ultimately was brought into Egypt and became the property of the sheik, Al-Behry, by whom he was trained to military service. When the French invasion of Egypt took place, Roustan, in 1798, rendered some important services to Bonaparte, the commander-in-chief of the army, which completely gained his confidence. He was made over by the sheik to the French general with great reluctance, and became strongly attached to his new master, whom he accompanied to France in 1799. On his arrival at Paris he was educated and trained by M. Venard, Bonaparte's maitre d'hotel, and henceforward followed the fortunes of Napoleon, accompanied him in all his journeys and expeditions, and was constantly at his side. But as he never abused his familiarity with the emperor, the favour of his master excited no envy. On the abdication of Napoleon, however, Roustan refused to accompany him to Elba, alleging that he could not quit his wife and children. On the return of Napoleon Roustan was first confined in Vincennes, and then banished twenty leagues from Paris. He passed the remainder of his life in comfort and retirement, and died in 1845.—J. T. ROUSTAN, Antoine Jacques, a protestant minister, was born at Geneva in 1734, and was successively a professor in the university of his native city, and minister of the Swiss church in London. In both offices he displayed marked ability and zeal. He wrote a great number of works, among others of "A Defence of Christianity from a Political point of view," in reply to some of the paradoxes put forth by his friend Rousseau in his Social Contract; a "Discourse on the means of reforming manners;" "An Examination of the 'Four Good Ages' of Voltaire;" "A Dialogue between Brutus and Cassius;" "Impiety Unmasked;" "Letters on the present state of Christianity;" "Answer to the Difficulties of a Deist;" "A Critical Examination of the Profession of Faith of Vicaire the Savoyard;" "An Abridgment of the Universal History," &c. He died in 1808.—J. T. ROUTH, Martin Joseph, D.D., president of Magdalen college, Oxford, was born on the 15th of September, 1755, and was the son of the Rev. Peter Routh of South Elmham, near Beccles, Suffolk. After having been educated under his father, young Routh matriculated as a batler at Queen's college, Oxford, in May, 1770. But in July, 1771, he was elected a demy of the college of St. Mary Magdalen. Having taken the degree of B.A., he became a fellow in 1776, and a few months later took his degree of M.A. In 1781 he was appointed college librarian; he filled also the offices of junior dean of arts, and of senior proctor of the university. He proceeded B.D. in 1786; three years later he was elected one of the college bursars, and in 1791 was appointed president of Magdalen, on the resignation of Dr. Horne, bishop of Norwich. In 1810 he became rector of Tylehurst, near Reading. Dr. Routh's first literary work was an edition of the Euthydemus and Gorgias of Plato, 8vo, 1784; "which," says Dr. Parr, "the first scholars on the continent have praised, which Charles Burney loves, and which even Richard Porson endures." In 1814 Dr. Routh published the first two volumes of "Reliquiæ Sacræ; sive auctorum jam perditorum secundi tertiique sæculi post Christum natum quæ supersunt," &c. "No such work," says Dr. Parr, "has appeared in England for a century." The third volume was published in 1815. In 1823 Dr. Routh edited Bishop Burnet's History of his own Life and Times. An improved edition of the work appeared in 1833. In 1846 he published four volumes of a new edition of the "Reliquiæ Sacræ," to which he added a fifth in 1848. In 1820, at the ripe age of sixty-five, he married Eliza Agnes, daughter of J. Blagrave, Esq., of Calcot park, near Tylehurst. He died 22d December, 1854, in his hundredth year, having been the contemporary of at least three successions of heads of colleges. Dr. Routh, along with the profound learning, had the courteous manners and conversational powers of the old school. A great scholar who knew him well pronounced him "a man of the right stamp; orthodox, not intolerant; profound, not obscure; wary, not sceptical; very, very, very learned, not pedantic at all." He was, besides, warm-hearted, kind, and genial, and to the last took a deep interest in public affairs.—J. T. ROVIGO. See Savary. ROW: the surname of an ancient and distinguished Scottish family:—

John Row, was born near Stirling about 1526. He studied at the grammar-school of Stirling, and afterwards at St. Andrews, having matriculated in 1544. On completing his course he devoted himself to the study of canon law, and practised for a time as an advocate in the consistory court of St. Andrews. Such was his fame, that in 1550 the Scottish clergy nominated him as their agent at the Vatican. In Italy he remained seven or eight years, and in 1556 became licentiate of laws, and afterwards doctor of laws of the university of Padua. His health failing, he resolved to return to his native land, and the Roman pontiff gave him a commission to observe and report the progress of the Reformation in Scotland. Accordingly he landed at Eyemouth as pope's nuncio. But he proved, as his son says, but a "corbie messenger," for his closer study of the new doctrines led to his final adoption of them. He was ordained first as minister at Kennoway, where he married Margaret Bethune,