and especially the doctrine of universal toleration, which, like

the men of his time, Rutherford suspected and condemned. On returning to St. Andrews, Rutherford was elected principal of the New college, and afterwards rector of the university. Invitations were also sent to him from the university of Edinburgh, and thrice was he asked to a chair in Holland. He took the part of the protesters against the resolutioners in the famous and unfortunate struggle, the former being the more zealous party. After the Restoration his "Lex Rex" was burnt at the Cross of Edinburgh, an act repeated by the apostate Sharp in front of the principal's windows at St. Andrews. The author was then deprived of office, confined to his house, and summoned to appear before the next parliament on a charge of treason. But before parliament met the Master had hidden him in "his pavilion from the strife of tongues." He had fallen into ill health; the state of the church preyed upon his spirit; and on the 26th of February, 1661, he published a "Testimony," of course strongly applauding the party of protesters. His sayings on his deathbed corresponded with those of his life; and with the words, "Glory, glory," upon his lips, he expired on the 20th March, 1661, in the sixty-first year of his age. Rutherford was twice married; his first wife died in 1630, and by his second wife he left a daughter, two of his children having died in London during his attendance on the Westminster assembly. Samuel Rutherford was one of the burning and shining lights in old Scotland, and his memory is still held in great veneration. He was a popular and impressive preacher, and his style bordered on the mystical. The spirit of his experimental theology was the nuptial union of the soul to God, and his imagery revolves round this central thought, or is created out of it, having its prototype in the Song of Solomon. The rapturous language of love is dignified by his use of it, though it is sometimes luscious to excess. As a systematic divine, Rutherford met with his match in John Owen. In his "Disputatio Scholastica de divina providentia," and in his "Christ Dying and Drawing Sinners," he had affirmed that God punishes sin not by any necessity of nature, but in virtue of a decree originating in a free act of his will, a statement satisfactorily met in Owen's Dissertation on Divine Justice, in reply at the same time to Prolocutor Twiss and the Baxterian system. Rutherford was fond of free action, and he advocated the cause of the so-called societies of which more timid spirits stood in dread. It was amidst those agitations that the sacramental fasts of Scotland had their origin, and the spirit was awakened that sustained the best part of the church and country during the "killing time" which immediately followed. Rutherford's "Lex Rex" is a book of advanced political science, teaching boldly "that the power of creating a man a king is from the people;" that "the law is not the king's own, but given him in trust;" that "power is not an immediate inheritance from heaven, but a birthright of the people borrowed from them." Rutherford had great learning and sound judgment, a fine fancy and great fervour, with a style which, though deformed by the pedantry of the time, is clear and telling in its nature.—J. E. RUTHERFORTH, Thomas, an English divine and author, was born at Papworth Everard, county of Cambridge, in 1712, his father being rector of the parish. He entered St. John's college, Cambridge, and obtained a fellowship in 1740. Five years afterwards he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1745 he became chaplain to the prince of Wales, having taken the degree of D.D., and been appointed regius professor of theology. He was also preferred to the rectory of Barrow in Suffolk, Showfield in Essex, and Barley in Hertfordshire, with the archdeaconry of Essex. His numerous volumes are now nearly forgotten, such as his "System of Natural Philosophy;" his "Institutes of Natural Law;" "Essay on the nature and obligations of Virtue;" "Discourse on Miracles;" "Sermons and Charges;" "Letter to Dr. Middleton in defence of Bishop Sherlock on Prophecy;" "Letter to Archdeacon Blackburne;" and "Two Letters to Dr. Kennicott"—acute and captious, each discovery of an error on the part of the Hebrew critic being a kind of malicious triumph on the part of his reviewer. He died in 1771.—J. E. RUTHERFURD, Andrew, an eminent Scottish lawyer, was born in 1791, and was called to the bar in 1812. His vast legal erudition, masterly power of analysis, and eloquence in forensic debate, soon attracted attention, and gained him a position in the foremost rank of his legal contemporaries. He was also a most accomplished scholar and critic, and was the intimate friend of Jeffrey, Cockburn, and other great lawyers, and men of letters who then adorned the Scottish capital. In 1837 Mr. Rutherfurd was appointed solicitor-general for Scotland, and two years later he was nominated lord advocate. He was at the same time chosen member for the Leith burghs, which he continued to represent until his elevation to the bench. He vacated his post on the accession of Sir Robert Peel to power in 1841; but was reinstated in his office in 1846, and held it until 1851, when he was appointed a lord of session, and also a privy councillor. Lord Rutherfurd died in 1854—one of twelve Scottish judges who were removed by death in the course of four years. He was justly pronounced by the Lord-president M'Neill, one of the greatest advocates that ever practised at the bar, and one of the ablest judges that ever adorned the bench.—J. T. RUTHVEN. See Gowrie. RUTILIUS, Lupus, a Roman rhetorician and grammarian, lived very probably in the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. He was a contemporary of Quinctilian. A small work of his is extant, "De Figuris Sententiarum et Elocutionis." Quinctilian says that it was taken from the work of one Gorgias, a contemporary. It is more or less altered now, not having come down to us in its original state. The great value of it consists in the passages quoted from Greek writers now lost. These quotations are translated with singular elegance. It was published by Ruhneken, 1768; again by Frotscher, 1831—second edition, 1841. Jacob's is the best edition, 1837; to which should be added Koch's Observationum Appendix, 1841.—S. D. RUTILIUS NUMATIANUS, Claudius, a Roman poet, a native of Gaul, was born at the close of the fourth century. At Rome he held several distinguished offices, such as præfectus urbi and magister officiorum or palatii. He returned, however, to his native country; and seems to have lived there the remainder of his days. He gave an account of his voyage in an elegiac poem, called "Itinerarium," consisting of two books. Only a small part of the second is preserved. The first consists of six hundred and forty-four lines. The poem was written in the reign of Honorius, in 417, and possesses much merit. He speaks very unfavourably of the Jews, as well as of the monks in Capraria; but it must be remembered that he was a pagan. The best edition is Zumpt's, 1840, 8vo, Berlin.—S. D. RUTLAND, Dukes of: the possessors of this title and of the vast estates attached to it, are descended from the knightly family of Manners, long seated at Etal in Northumberland. They were frequently sheriffs of that county, and signalized themselves by their valour in the border wars. Sir Robert Manners, the head of the family in the reign of Edward VI., married the eldest sister of Edmund, Lord Ros, and through her became possessed of the baronies of Vaux, Triesbut, and Belvoir, along with Belvoir castle in Leicestershire, which has ever since been the principal residence of the family. The grandson of this couple was held in great favour by Henry VIII., filled several important offices in that monarch's reign, received from him a grant of church land, and was created in 1525 Earl of Rutland. Sir John Manners, the second son of this peer, married a great heiress, daughter of Sir George Vernon of Haddon, and for his magnificence and hospitality was called "King of the Peak." The Manners family have, indeed, been celebrated for their matrimonial alliances; one of them married the daughter and heir of the famous Sir Philip Sidney; another, the second daughter of the celebrated patriot and martyr. Lord William Russell; a daughter of the third duke married Henry Pelham, prime minister to George II.; while the wife of the fourth duke, the patron of Crabbe, was the most celebrated beauty in England.—John, tenth earl, was created Marquis of Granby and Duke of Rutland in 1703. His great-grandson was the celebrated Marquis of Granby, commander-in-chief of the British forces serving in Germany under Prince Ferdinand.—(See Manners.) Charles, eldest son of the marquis, succeeded to the family titles and estates on the death of his grandfather, John, third duke, in 1779. His grace was a strenuous supporter and most intimate friend of William Pitt. A series of interesting and valuable letters, addressed by the great minister to the duke while lord-lieutenant of Ireland, have been published by Lord Stanhope. The duke was remarkable for his generosity, benevolence, and almost boundless hospitality. He was cordial and frank in his manners, and highly popular with all classes. Though not what is usually called a literary man, he had a strong par-