conducting the Oriental Herald, and in 1827 took part in establishing

a literary journal, called the Weekly Review, which, however, failed of success. In 1829 he took up his residence in Normandy, which he carefully explored, recording his experiences in an interesting volume, which forms part of the series of Constable's Miscellany. He subsequently removed to Paris, where he prosecuted his literary labours with great diligence. In 1832 he left his wife and family in Switzerland, and travelled over a great part of Egypt, visiting Malta, Sicily, and Naples. On his return to England in 1834, he published his travels under the title of "A Description of Egypt and Nubia." Taking up his abode once more in France, he published, in rapid succession, "The Hindoos," in two volumes, for the Entertaining Library, editions of Locke, Milton, and other English classics; "Tales of the Ramadhan;" and "Margaret of Ravenscroft," in 3 vols. each. In 1842 he published his best and most important work, "History of the Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece," in 3 vols. Since that time, though suffering under partial loss of sight, Mr. St. John has written "Sir Cosmo Digby," "Isis, an Egyptian Pilgrimage," "There and Back Again," "The Nemesis of Power," "Philosophy at the Foot of the Cross"—together with a vast number of contributions to the best periodical works. Of his six sons three have adopted literature as a profession.—Bayle, his second son, was born in 1822. He at first intended to become an artist, but at the age of seventeen abandoned that idea, and became a contributor to the Penny Magazine, Frazer's Magazine, the Foreign Quarterly, and other periodicals. Like his father, he visited Egypt in 1846, and crossed the arid and dangerous Libyan Desert. On his return to England he published a narrative of his expedition in one of the volumes of Murray's Home and Colonial Library. He then took up his residence in Paris, where he wrote a delightful work, entitled "Two Years' Residence in a Levantine Family." A second visit to Egypt furnished him with materials for his "Village Life in Egypt." He has since published in rapid succession—"Purple Tints of Paris;" "The Turks in Europe;" "The Hungarian Emigration into Turkey;" "The Travels of an Arab Merchant;" "The Louvre, a biography of a Museum;" "Maritimo, a story of adventure;" "The Sub-Alpine Kingdom;" "The Memoirs of St. Simon;" "Montaigne the Essayist, a biography," in 2 vols., &c., &c.—Percy, is the author of "Paul Peabody," and numerous tales in Cassells' Illustrated Family Paper.—Horace, who is now editor of the Leader, is the author of "The Indian Archipelago," 2 vols.; "History of the British Conquests in India;" and "Life of Columbus."—Spencer, who was for a number of years consul-general in Borneo, and now holds a similar office in Hayti, has just published a work, entitled "Life in the Forests of the Far East," 2 vols., 8vo, in which he gives a very full account of Borneo and neighbouring islands, and of the manners and customs of the inhabitants.—J. T. SAINT-JOHN, Oliver, Chief-justice of the common pleas during the interregnum, was the son of a Bedfordshire gentleman, and born about 1598. Educated at Queen's college, Cambridge, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's inn in 1626. In 1629 he married a lady whose mother was aunt to Oliver Cromwell, and his second wife (1638) was a first cousin of Cromwell's. Saint-John was early noted for his puritan tendencies, and in 1630 was brought before the star-chamber, in the company of the earl of Bedford (to whom he was distantly related), Selden, and Cotton, all charged with publishing a pamphlet distasteful to the court. His first notable appearance in public, however, was as counsel for Hampden in the famous shipmoney cause, 6th November, 1637, when he spoke for three days running. His practice previously had been slender, but after this he was sought for in cases where the royal prerogative was impugned. He sat as a member for Totness in the Short parliament of 1640, and again in the Long parliament, where he was made chairman of the shipmoney committee. In the January of 1641, when Charles thought of conciliating the leaders of the opposition to the court policy by giving them office, Saint-John was appointed solicitor-general. The king soon found that he had mistaken his man. In the impeachment and trial of Strafford, the solicitor-general pursued him with a vehemence which amounted to virulence. His appointment was revoked, as far as the king could revoke it, in October, 1643; but the new solicitor-general was not recognized by the parliament, who retained Saint-John in that capacity, and made him one of their commissioners of the great seal. In October, 1648, he was appointed by the parliament chief-justice of the common pleas, an office which he retained till the Restoration. His judicial career is a blank, no report being extant, according to Lord Campbell, of any case decided by him. He took no part in the trial of Charles, but was a member of the council of state, which governed after the execution of the king. In March, 1651, he was sent, with Strickland, ambassador to Holland. Insulted by the Dutch populace and by the duke of York at the Hague, he returned in dudgeon to make his report to the house of commons, July 2, 1651; and next month, in retaliation, was passed the celebrated navigation act which deprived the Dutch of the carrying trade of Europe. Saint-John seems to have approved of the dismissal of the Rump, and was appointed a member of Cromwell's house of peers. At the Restoration, he was reserved for penalties not extending to life, and drew up in defence of himself a "Case" which is a curious contribution to his biography. After spending a few years in privacy on his estate near Peterborough, he withdrew to the continent, and adopted the name of Montague. He died on the 31st December, 1673, but where, is uncertain. Contemporary writers of all parties agree in describing this counsel of Hampden's in the shipmoney case, and originator of the navigation laws, as a gloomy, reserved, unamiable man. He was commonly called "the dark lantern." "That great undertaking, the Bedford level," says Mr. Foss (Lives of the Judges), "was completed principally by his exertions," and his legal acumen is evidenced by the act under which it is managed up to the present day. In commemoration of his services, his name is still connected with its greatest work, called "Saint-John's Eau." Through his daughter Joanna, Saint-John was an ancestor of Lord Bolingbroke.—F. E. SAINT-JOHN. See Bolingbroke. SAINT JUST, Antoine, one of the leaders of the extreme French revolutionary party, was born at Décize in the Nivernais in 1768. He was the son of a knight of St. Louis, and was descended from a distinguished family. He had obtained great distinction as a student, and had written several works; but when the French revolution broke out, he joined the national guard, and was appointed adjutant-major. In this position he became acquainted with Robespierre, to whom he at once attached himself with a peculiar, almost fanatical devotion. He was not yet twenty-four years of age, and was, says Carlyle, "a youth of slight stature, with mild mellow voice, enthusiast olive complexion, and long black hair, more like a student than a senator." He took his seat in the national convention in September, 1792, as member for Aisne, and soon became conspicuous for his advocacy of extreme measures. His almost feminine countenance, and his unswerving adherence to Robespierre, whose counsels he shared and whose schemes he invariably supported, obtained for him the profane appellation of "the Saint John of the Messiah of the people." When the Prussians, in conjunction with the army of Condé, had forced the lines of Weissembourg, and were advancing upon Strasburg, St. Just was sent there with Lebas in the character of a proconsul; and charging with indomitable courage at the head of the Alsatian peasantry, hastily armed, he overthrew and drove back the invaders. He attended the army of the north in a similar capacity, and is said to have caused fifty officers to be shot in one day. He also ordered a colonel of artillery to be put to death, because the siege of Charleroi went on less rapidly than his impatience and ignorant presumption desired. As the minister of Robespierre he took a prominent part in the destruction of the Girondins, and of Danton and his associates, and in the other deeds of blood which marked the Reign of Terror. His selfish and irritable vanity combined with his fanaticism to increase his bloodthirstiness. Camille Desmoulins said wittily, in allusion to St. Just's self-important demeanour, that he "carried his head like the holy sacrament." "And I," said St. Just, on the sneer being reported to him, "And I will make him carry his head like St. Denis" (who according to the legend carried his head under his arm). He made good his threat by the cold-blooded murder of Camille, which has justly been pronounced one of the most disgusting atrocities in the whole Reign of Terror. St. Just's maxim was, "that no one can rule in France innocently," and he followed it up by the most unscrupulous and sanguinary measures, utterly careless of the enormity of the crimes he instigated or perpetuated. Robespierre, Couthon, and he constituted the infamous "committee of public safety," and to him was committed the watching and denunciation of