political offenders, including of course the extensive system of

espionage, which was well suited to his suspicious and implacable character. He was ultimately involved in the downfall of Robespierre, and was executed along with him on the 24th of July, 1794. He displayed to the last great firmness and self-possession. St. Just was unquestionably a sincere republican fanatic, and was distinguished for his extraordinary enthusiasm, unyielding purpose, unhesitating audacity, and facility of speech, rather than for great abilities. His poems and political writings, however, show that he possessed considerable literary talents.—J. T. SAINT-LAMBERT, Charles François, Marquis de, a miscellaneous writer and poet, was descended from a noble but poor family, and was born in Lorraine in 1717. He entered the army at an early age, served in several campaigns, and attained the rank of colonel, but quitted the service in 1757 to devote himself to literary pursuits. He became a member of the French Academy, was the intimate friend of Duclos, Diderot, Grimm, Rousseau, and other eminent writers, and was much admired for his wit and gallantry. He was one of the contributors to the Encyclopedie, and wrote a great number of poems and miscellaneous treatises. His best known works are a poem on the seasons; fugitive poems; original fables; a memoir of Bolingbroke; a universal catechism; a drama; and his philosophical works in 5 vols. The marquis died in 1803.—J. T. * SAINT-LEONARDS, Edward Burtenshaw Sugden, first baron, sometime lord chancellor of England, was born in London in 1781. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's inn in 1807, having two years before published a work which has become a legal classic, his well known "Treatise on the Law of Vendors and Purchasers of Estates." The year after he went to the bar he published another legal work, which has attained a position similar to that of its predecessor, his "Practical Treatise on Powers." In 1809 appeared from his pen a work addressed more to the country gentleman than to the profession, "A Series of Letters to a Man of Property on Sales, Purchases, &c., of Estates," which is, we believe, the basis of his "Handy-book on Property Law," brought out with great success in 1858. Mr. Sugden was chiefly known as an able conveyancer and chamber-counsel, when in 1817 he devoted himself to the chancery bar, and immediately securing a large practice, was made a king's counsel in 1822. From 1828 to the passing of the reform bill, he represented in the house of commons the boroughs of Weymouth, Melcombe Regis, and St. Mawes successively; and in the Wellington-Peel administration of 1828-30 he was solicitor-general from June, 1829, to its close, having been knighted on accepting office. In Sir Robert Peel's first administration, he was lord chancellor of Ireland from January to April, 1835, and in that statesman's second administration he filled the same office from October, 1841, to July, 1846. On Lord Derby's accession to power, the great legal reputation of Sir Edward Sugden marked him out for the lord chancellorship of England in a ministry to the politics of which he had long and consistently adhered. He was raised to the peerage as Baron St. Leonards, and was lord chancellor from February to December, 1852. In 1808 he had married the only child of Mr. John Knapp.—F. E. SAINT-LEU, Hortense Eugenie de Beauharnais, Duchesse de, daughter of the Vicomte de Beauharnais and of Josephine, afterwards empress, was born at Paris in 1783. Singularly gifted and accomplished, sprightly and graceful in her manners, the daughter of Josephine was admirably fitted for the part she had to play in the consular, and afterwards in the imperial court. In 1802, much against her inclination, she was married to Louis Bonaparte, by whom she became the mother of Napoleon III. When Louis became king of Holland in 1806, Hortense reluctantly, at his side, assumed the honours of royalty, and her residence in the new kingdom was as brief as was consistent with decorum. After the abdication of Louis in 1810, Hortense obtained the emperor's sanction for a separation from her husband, and took up her residence in Paris, where, still retaining the title of queen, she exercised in her salon, the resort of all the celebrities of the capital, a sovereignty much more congenial to her tastes than that which she had shared in Holland. She remained in Paris after the first restoration of the Bourbons, and was accused of preparing the way for the return of Napoleon, so that on the final abdication of the emperor in 1815, she was obliged to leave France. After wandering for some time through Germany and Switzerland, she took up her residence in 1817 at the chateau of Arenenberg, in the canton of Thurgovia, assuming the title of duchess of Saint-Leu. By her marriage with King Louis she had three children—Napoleon Louis Charles, born in 1802; Napoleon Louis, born in 1804; and Charles Louis Napoleon (emperor), born in 1808. Only the future emperor survived the age of childhood, and from him she was separated by the unfortunate affair of Strasburg in 1836. She died in 1837. Hortense cultivated with success the arts of music and poetry, and of her talents there is said to be ample evidence in some romances which she composed, as well as in the Memoires, from which she published some selections the year before her death. She was interred at Rueil, near her mother. SAINT-MARTIN, Louis Claude, Marquis de, called the "Unknown Philosopher," was born at Amboise on the 18th of January, 1743. He was sent to be educated at the college of Pont Levoy, where he became acquainted with the work of Abbadie on Self-Knowledge, which he himself states had considerable influence in moulding his opinions on metaphysics. At the age of twenty-two he entered the regiment of Foix, at that time in garrison at Bordeaux. Mathematics appears to have been his favourite branch of study, and this led to an intimacy between him and Lalande, which, however, was not of long continuance in consequence of the dissimilarity of their ideas on other subjects. Subsequently Saint-Martin entered into holy orders; but there are considerable doubts respecting his orthodoxy. In the course of his travels, both on the continent of Europe and in England, he became acquainted with some of the most distinguished men of the day. In 1794 he was expelled France. In his idea, the Revolution was a type of the day of judgment. The philosophy of Saint-Martin may be pronounced mystical. The greater part of his opinions are embodied in his work, entitled "Des Erreurs et de la Verité." When treating of the existence of good and evil, he manifests a leaning towards the doctrine of the Manichæans, but qualifies it by maintaining the superiority of the former principle over the latter. With him man belongs to the good principle, but his will being weak, his separation from God follows, bringing with it enervation and corruption. Accepting the ancient maxim, "Know thyself," as his fundamental principle, Saint-Martin maintained that in order to avoid misconception as to the universe and its laws, it is only necessary to study humanity in its physical and mental attributes, in order to gain a knowledge of the visible and invisible creation. This system he calls "Natural Revelation." His works, in addition to that alluded to, are entitled "Du Tableau Naturel," "De l'Esprit de Choses," "Du Ministerè de l'Homme d'esprit," "Eclair sur l'Association Humaine," Paris, 1797, 8vo.—W. J. P. SAINT-PIERRE, Charles Irénée Castél de, an able though eccentric writer, was born on 18th February, 1658, at the Chateau de Saint-Pierre, near Barfleur, in Lower Normandy. His family was related to that of Marshal Villars, and his father was bailiff of Contentin and governor of Valogne. At the completion of his education at the college of Caen, in accordance with the wishes of his family, he entered into holy orders, and subsequently purchased the office of principal almoner in the household of the duchess of Orleans. At Paris he soon earned for himself the reputation of being an enlightened thinker, and notwithstanding the smallness of his own means, he contributed to meet the wants of Fontenelle and Vaugnon, with whom he was on terms of friendship. The works of the Abbé de Saint-Pierre are mostly on politics, and have been characterized by Cardinal Dubois as the dreams of a good citizen. Some of his propositions are trivial and impracticable. A favourite idea of his was the institution of a perpetual peace through the agency of an assembly of the European powers, what he denominated a "Diète Europaine." In order to make his scheme more popular at court, he disclaimed having originated it, and gave out that it was an idea of Henry IV., which he had revived, and further stated that the whole plan had been found among the papers of the dauphin, the duke of Burgundy. In consequence of some remarks on the government, he was refused a seat in the Academy, principally through the influence of Cardinal Polignac. He, however, continued to live on good terms with those whose votes had secured his rejection. On his death, 29th April, 1743, the Academy, on the motion of Boyer, bishop of Mirepoix, waived the customary eulogium over his remains. Voltaire, who saw him a few days prior to his death, states that on inquiring in what light he viewed his approaching dissolution, the abbè replied,