in Scotland concerning the nature of justifying faith; and those

who followed Mr. Sandeman's views received the name of Sandemanians. In 1758 he commenced a correspondence with Mr. Samuel Pike of London, an independent minister, who went over to his views; and in 1760 he came up to London personally for the purpose of disseminating his principles, preaching in various places, and drawing after him considerable crowds. But comparatively few went the length of joining themselves to his sect; and in 1764 he accepted an invitation to proceed to America, where he continued to propagate his doctrines and discipline for the rest of his life. When the disputes of the New England colonies with the mother country broke out, he incurred great dislike among the colonists by taking side with the latter, but he did not survive to see the outburst of actual war. He died at Danbury in 1771. His sect, which was never numerous, had fallen as low at the census of 1851 as six congregations in England, and six more in Scotland, with a morning attendance at worship of less than one thousand in all.—P. L. SANDERS, Nicholas, was born in 1527 at Charlewood, Surrey. He received his early education at Winchester school, and went to New college, Oxford, to complete his studies. On the accession of Mary, he was appointed professor of canon law. He was invited to become Latin secretary to the queen, but he declined, preferring the quietude of study to the harassing labours of that honourable and lucrative post. When Elizabeth came to the throne, he retired to Rome, and there took his degree of D.D. Cardinal Hosius, president of the council of Trent, appointed him his theologal. When the council was dissolved, he travelled with the cardinal into Prussia, Poland, and Lithuania, for the purpose of rigidly establishing in those countries the discipline of the Romish church. He then went to Louvain, where he remained twelve years, and along with some of his compatriots, issued several controversial works against Jewell, Nowell, and other celebrated protestant champions. In 1579, Sanders was sent as nuncio "to comfort the afflicted catholics who had taken the field in defence of their religion." The earl of Desmond at this time rose in arms to defend, as was pretended, the liberties of his country. Sanders promised succours from the pope and the king of Spain. The rebels were defeated and Desmond slain, 1583. Camden reports that after the battle Sanders fled into the woods, and there died of hunger. His portmanteau was found after his death, and was stuffed full of inflammatory harangues. His works, which were of a controversial nature, are now nearly forgotten; his best known production is his "De Origine et Progressu Schismatis Anglicani," a work which Bayle characterized as containing a great deal of passion and very little accuracy, two qualities which generally go together; his writings, indeed, are not less distinguished for their acrimony than for their general want of veracity.—D. G. SANDERS, Robert, a miscellaneous writer, was a native of Scotland, and was born in 1727. He was bred a combmaker, but quitted that trade to become a literary man-of-all-work. He compiled the Universal Traveller; a Commentary on the Bible; a History of England; the Newgate Calendar, &c.; and acted for some time as amanuensis to Lord Lyttelton. He wrote a History of Rome, in Letters, in 2 vols.; and "Gaffer Greybeard," a novel. He died in 1783.—J. T. SANDERSON, Robert, Bishop of Lincoln, was born at Rotherham in Yorkshire of a good family, 19th September, 1587, and was educated in the grammar-school of Rotherham, and at Lincoln college, Oxford. In 1606 he was elected a fellow of Lincoln, in 1608 was chosen reader of logic, and in 1611 was admitted to holy orders. Still continuing at the university, he was appointed in 1613 sub-rector of his college, and in 1615 he published his first work, the "Logicæ Artis Compendium." In 1617 he took the degree of B.D., and in 1618 he was presented to the rectory of Ubbeston in Lincolnshire, which he resigned in the following year on account of its unhealthiness, and about the same time he was collated to the rectory of Boothby-Pagnell, in the same county, which he continued to hold till, in advanced age, he was made a bishop. In 1625 he was chosen a proctor in convocation for the diocese of Lincoln; and it was at this time, that anticipating discussions in convocation upon the points of difference between Calvinism and Arminianism, he examined for the first time with any special degree of attention the state of that controversy. Up to this time he had been a moderate Calvinist of Hooker's school; but he now "discovered," as he tells us, "a necessity of quitting the sublapsarian way of which I had a better liking before, as well as the supralapsarian, which I could never fancy." In 1029 he was made a prebendary of Lincoln, and in 1631 was recommended by Laud to the king, who appointed him one of his chaplains in ordinary. Having accompanied the court in this capacity to Oxford in 1636, he was created D.D. by the university, and in 1642 Charles appointed him regius professor of divinity and canon of Christ church. The troubles of the time, however, prevented him from entering upon the duties of that office till four years afterwards, and even then he was left undisturbed in the execution of them only for one year. He was nominated a member of the Westminster assembly in 1643, but declined to take his seat. He refused also to take the covenant, and had a principal hand in drawing up "The reasons of the university of Oxford against the solemn league and covenant, the negative oath, and the ordinances concerning discipline and worship." For such conspicuous "malignancy" his rectory of Boothby-Pagnell was sequestrated in 1644, but his high character for learning and christian worth saved him from actual ejection, a moderation which was honourable to the opposite party. In 1647 and 1648, when the king was a prisoner in the hands of the parliament at Hampton court and at Carisbrook castle, Sanderson was allowed, at the king's request, to be with him as his chaplain, and to advise him in the negotiations which were still going on between him and his disaffected subjects. In 1648 he was ejected from his professorship and canonry, and withdrew to Boothby. For the next twelve years of his life he was reduced to great poverty, and was occasionally in danger of being roughly handled by the soldiery, for his continued use of the prayer-book; for as Isaac Walton, his quaint biographer, alliteratively complains, "all corners of the nation were filled with covenanters, confusion, and committee men," but "he bore all his afflictions with unrepining resignation, and continued to maintain the cause of the suffering church with vigour and courage." In the very midst of this period—in 1655—he published his "Twenty Sermons," with "a large and bold preface," which as an outspoken defence of the Church of England, brought forward at the very lowest ebb of her fortunes, no doubt put his personal safety at considerable hazard. When the Restoration came at last, Sanderson was an old man, but not too old to be reinstated in his lost professorship and canonry, and soon after to be appointed to the see of Lincoln, which he only hold, however, for two years and a half. He had a principal hand in the alterations introduced into the liturgy by the convocation of 1661, and the general preface to the common prayer-book issued at that time was the production of his pen. He died in January, 1663, after augmenting at his own cost several poor livings of his diocese, and repairing the episcopal palace of Buckden. His works have always been very highly esteemed in the Church of England as true expositions of her genuine teaching and spirit. They have lately been collected and reprinted at Oxford under the careful and loving editorship of Dr. Jacobson. Sanderson, as Dr. Hook remarks in his Ecclesiastical Biography, "holds an eminent place among those true sons of the Church of England, whose memory she cherishes with joy and thankfulness."—P. L. SANDERSON, Robert, an eminent antiquary, was born on 27th July, 1660, at Eggleston hall, in the county of Durham, and was educated at St. John's college, Cambridge. On his removal to London he directed his attention to the study of the law, and was appointed clerk of the rolls in the Rolls' chapel. In 1714 he became a candidate for the place of historiographer to Queen Anne—his efforts being seconded by Matthew Prior, at that time ambassador to the court of France. On the 28th November, 1726, he was appointed, by Sir Joseph Jekyll, usher of the high court of chancery. During his life he contributed to Rymer's Fœdera—the last three volumes being almost entirely compiled by him. In 1704 he published a translation of Original Letters from William III., while prince of Orange, to Charles II., Lord Huntingdon, and others; with an account of the prince's reception at Middleburgh, and his speech on that occasion. He also wrote a "Life of Henry V.," and left behind him several volumes of MSS. relating to history and the court of chancery; also a transcript of Thurloe's state papers. He died at his house in Chancery Lane on 25th December, 1741, in the eighty-second year of his age, and was buried in Red-Lion-Fields. The diary of his life, which was found among his posthumous papers, is curious on account of its details.—W. J. P. SANDERSON. See Saunderson.