devoted himself to the study of eloquence with the hope of rising

to high honour and influence. After pleading several causes successfully, he served in the army with some distinction both in Spain and in Sardinia. He obtained the office of curule ædile in 123, was elected prætor in 117, and consul in 115. He carried on war with success against several Gallic tribes, and on his return to Rome received the honours of a triumph. In 112, he was sent on a fruitless embassy to Jugurtha, and in the following year he accompanied the consul L. Calpurnius Bestia, as one of his lieutenants in the war against the Numidian usurper. The crafty prince, however, gained over the consul and Scaurus by large bribes, and thus induced them to grant him most favourable terms of peace. This discreditable transaction became known, and an inquiry was instituted into the conduct of those who had accepted money from Jugurtha. But such was the influence of Scaurus that he contrived to secure his own safety, though he was unable to screen his accomplices. In 109 Scaurus was censor with M. Livius Drusus, and two years later he was elected consul a second time. He was a zealous supporter of the patrician party in their struggles with the plebeians. He died about 89 b.c. His eldest son, Marcus, served as quæstor under Pompey in the third Mithridatic war. He subsequently held a command in Syria and in India. He was curule ædile in 58 and celebrated the public games with extraordinary magnificence and prodigality. Two years later he was elected prætor, and in 55 was appointed to the government of Sardinia, which he plundered without mercy. He was twice brought to trial for his offences, and on the second occasion in 52 was found guilty. He married Marcia, who had been the wife of Pompey, and by her he had one son, Marcus, who fought on the side of his half-brother, Sextus Pompey, but betrayed him into the hands of Antony. After the battle of Actium, Marcus was taken prisoner and condemned to death by Augustus, but his life was spared through the intercession of his mother. His nephew Mamercus was a distinguished orator and poet, but a man of dissolute character. Having offended Tiberius he committed suicide to escape an ignominious death, a.d. 34.—J. T. SCHADOW, Johann Gottfried, an eminent German sculptor, was born of poor parents at Berlin in 1764. What little elementary instruction he received, he owed to the kindness of an obscure sculptor in his native city. He completed his professional training at Rome (1785-88), whither he was sent by his wife's father. His first work of importance after his return to Berlin was the monument of Count Mark, erected in the church of St. Dorothy in 1790. From that time his chisel found abundant occupation. His likenesses were much esteemed, and he had always commissions on hand for portrait-busts. But his fame was derived from his monumental statues. Of these the chief were the equestrian statue of Frederick the Great at Stettin, and of Blucher at Rostock; the colossal statue of General Ziethen; Prince Leopold of Anhalt Dessau; and Martin Luther at Wittenberg. The sculpture on the Mint, and the quadriga on the Brandenberg gate, Berlin, are among the best known of his works. But in poetic subjects Schadow was much less successful than in monumental portraiture, to which, whilst avoiding the common-place classicism then current, he seldom failed to impart a grave sculpturesque dignity, and at the same time to retain vraisemblance and individuality of character. Schadow was professor, and from 1822 director of the Berlin academy; and in the school there formed by him a large proportion of the succeeding generation of German sculptors were trained. He also extended his influence by his pen. In 1825 he published in quarto Wittenberg's Monuments of Sculpture, Architecture, and Painting, with historical and artistic illustrations; and later, two works on the forms and features of the various races—"Polyklet, or the Groups of Mankind according to their races and periods." 1824; and "National Physiognomy," &c., 1835. He died in 1850.—J. T—e. SCHADOW, Rudolph, eldest son of Johann Gottfried Schadow, was born in 1785. The pupil first of his father, and afterwards at Rome directed in his studies by Canova and Thorwaldsen, and associated with his brother Wilhelm, with Cornelius, and with Overbeck, uncommon hopes were built on his future career. His early productions were full of promise. His "Filatrice" and "Girl Fastening her Sandal" were works of singular grace and truth; and he executed several portrait-busts which showed that he inherited much of his father's clear conception of character, and had attained equal mastery over the chisel. But he did not live to execute any great work, dying at Rome, January 31, 1822.—J. T—e. SCHADOW-GODENHAUS, Friedrich Wilhelm von, an eminent German painter, the second son of Johann Gottfried Schadow, was born at Berlin, 6th September, 1789. Having received under his father a careful training in the principles of art, he went early to Rome, where he united himself with other enthusiastic German students, at the head of whom were Cornelius and Overbeck, who set themselves the task of restoring what they proclaimed to be the true principles of christian art. Wilhelm Schadow was one of the most zealous of the number, assisted in the first exhibition made by them in Rome, and was one of those who with their leader, Overbeck, entered the Romish church. Soon after his return to Berlin he was appointed professor in the Berlin academy, where he sedulously inculcated the new doctrines. His larger paintings of "The Adoration of the Magi" for the chapel of the palace at Potsdam, and the "Evangelists," now in the Werder-kirche, Berlin, secured his reputation as a painter. In 1826 Cornelius removed to Munich, and Schadow accepted the invitation to succeed him as director of the Düsseldorf academy. His Berlin scholars followed him, and Düsseldorf soon came to be, next to Munich, the chief school of painting in Germany. For the long series of years he presided over this school his authority was paramount, and it was only when his energy began to relax, that innovators like Lessing and others of the romantic school made any progress. Schadow was doubtless a good teacher on his own principles; but his teaching and his example have created or fostered a school of mystical and sentimental religious art in Germany, eclectic and academic in principle—smooth, feeble, and unreal in the practical expression. Besides those mentioned above may be named his celebrated "Wise and Foolish Virgins" in the Stadelsche museum, Frankfort-on-the-Maine; "The Origin of Life," a large allegorical work in the royal palace, Berlin; and an Assumption at Aix-la-Chapelle. In 1846, Schadow was ennobled by the late king of Prussia under the title of Von Schadow-Godenhaus. He is the author of an essay in French, and of a volume of recollections, 8vo, 1834.—J. T—e. SCHAEUFFELIN or SCHEUFFELIN, Hans, an old German painter of Nürnberg or of Nördlingen, was born apparently in the former city about 1490, but settled at Nördlingen in 1515, and died there in 1539 at latest, as his widow was married to Hans Schwarz in 1540. He was a favourite scholar and imitator of Albrecht Durer, was distinguished both as wood-engraver and as painter, and his works of both kinds have passed for those of his master. Many of his pictures are still preserved in cities of southern Germany; the best is the "Taking Down from the Cross," in the church of St. George at Nördlingen, painted in 1521. His larger pictures are painted in tempera.—R. N. W. SCHAFFNER, Martin, a painter of Ulm, already established in 1508, and still practising there with distinction in 1539. Till recently he has been confounded with Martin Schoen, as his monogram, composed of an S and an M, corresponds with the name of that master, who was also a native of Ulm. There are some good pictures by Schaffner at Munich, and some also in the Wallerstein collection in Kensington palace. His style of form is in advance of the German painters of his own time, and he is assumed to have studied in Italy. His "Death of the Virgin," at Munich, was engraved by Strixner in 1812, as a work by Martin Schoen.—(Kunstblatt, 1822.)—R. N. W. SCHALCKEN, Godfried, a Dutch genre painter, particularly distinguished for his candle-light effects, was born at Dort in 1643, and having learnt the rudiments of painting from T. van Hoogstraten, became the pupil of Gerard Dow, whose high finish he attempted to imitate, but he never attained the exquisite freedom of handling of his master. Schalcken died at the Hague in 1706.—(Houbraken, Groote Schonburg, &c.)—R. N. W. SCHAMYL (Iman) was born at Himry, in the Eastern Caucasus, in 1797. As Imam, an Arabic word of extensive application, signifies spiritual ruler, spiritual teacher, and as Schamuïl is Samuel, it is almost literally as the prophet Samuel that the great chieftain of the Caucasus comes before us. The reports about the origin and youth of Schamyl are confused; but it is agreed that he early displayed those qualities of mind and body for which he was afterwards distinguished; that he excelled in all athletic sports, in all martial exercises; and that he received, according to oriental ideas, an excellent education. He studied under the Mullah Dshemal Eddin, whose daughter became his