cultivating his favourite study of mathematics under the guidance

of Maclaurin. Soon afterwards he was appointed minister of the parish of Rosneath in Dumbartonshire, where he occupied much of his leisure in mathematical research. After the death of Maclaurin he was appointed, in 1747, professor of mathematics in the university of Edinburgh, which office he held until 1772, when infirm health caused him to retire; his duties being performed by his son, Dugald Stewart, afterwards distinguished as a mental philosopher. During the rest of his life he lived chiefly at a small family estate in Ayrshire. Like his master, Simson, he possessed extraordinary skill in the Greek geometry, which he applied successfully to the solution of questions of great difficulty, relating in most cases to physical astronomy, such as the relative motion of two gravitating bodies, and the motion of the moon's apsides.—W. J. M. R. STEWART, R. See Londonderry, Marquis of. STIEGLITZ, Heinrich, a German poet, was born at Arolsen, in the principality of Waldeck in 1803. After studying philology at Göttingen and Leipsic he obtained a mastership at Berlin, and married an accomplished young lady, Charlotte Willhöft. Feeling depressed by the drudgery of his office, and not meeting with the success he had anticipated from his poems, he fell into a morbid state of mind. His wife, overrating his talent, and hoping that a great shock would rouse and inspire him to poetical greatness, deliberately destroyed herself, 29th December, 1834, but did not produce the desired effect on her husband's mind. A pension being settled on him by his uncle, the well-known banker at St. Petersburg, he travelled for some years, and at length settled at Venice, where he fell a victim to cholera, on 24th August, 1849. Besides lyrical poetry, he also attempted dramatic composition, and published a number of books of travel, &c., among which we note his "Bilder des Orients," 4 vols.—(See Mundt, Charlotte Stieglitz, ein Denkmal, Berlin, 1835.)—K. E. STIFELS, Michael, a zealous disciple of Luther, and eminent arithmetician and algebraist, was born in Esslingen, 19th April, 1486, and was a monk in the Augustinian monastery of that town, when Luther commenced the movement of the Reformation in 1517. In 1520 he left the monastery and repaired to Wittemberg, where he took a master's degree. The reformer was much attached to him, and procured for him a succession of appointments as chaplain and pastor in different parts of Germany. In addition to theology he occupied himself enthusiastically with the study of arithmetic, and applying his skill in calculation to the prophecies of the book of Daniel and the Apocalypse, he ventured to predict too confidently the exact day and hour of the second advent of Christ. In 1532 he published his "Rechenbuchlein vom end Christi," in which he announced that the Lord would come on the 19th October, 1533, at eight o'clock a.m.; and notwithstanding the remonstrances of Luther he was injudicious enough to bring the subject into the pulpit. He was then pastor of Lochau, and such was the sensation produced by his predictions that the peasants of the surrounding country neglected the labours of the field, and lost a year's harvest in consequence. This indiscretion cost him his place at Lochau; but Luther and the elector of Saxony forgave his well-meant error, and he was ere long installed in another charge near Wittemberg. Soon after he published his "Arithmetica Integra," with a preface by Melancthon, which was followed by several other works in the same science and in algebra. In 1558 he was appointed to a chair of arithmetic in the new university of Jena, where he continued till his death in 1567. He was a scientific arithmetician, and not merely a calculator. He threw considerable light upon the properties of numbers, and went far, it is said, towards the discovery of logarithms.—P. L. STIGAND, a celebrated Saxon prelate, was a great favourite of Edward the Confessor, whose chaplain he had originally been. In 1043 he was elevated to the see of Emham, which comprehended the modern bishopric of Norwich. In 1047 he was appointed bishop of Winchester, and in 1052 became archbishop of Canterbury. Geneticensis having been driven into exile, Stigand was considered an intruder; and, unpopular as was his assumption of the dignity of another, he added still further to the scandal by retaining the see of Winchester. In spite, however, of the most tempting offers, the pope would never grant him the pall. But a schism occurred in the Romish church—Benedict, the antipope, usurping the chair of St. Peter. Stigand paid court to Benedict, and obtained the pall as the price of his acknowledgment of his claims. For this offence he was afterwards interdicted by the holy see, but he managed to retain his position. At the coronation of the Conqueror, the honour of placing the crown on the head of William was refused to Stigand, and conferred on Alfred, archbishop of York. William disliked Stigand, and besought the pope to depute three cardinals to inquire into his conduct. Stigand fled to Scotland, but afterwards surrendered. In 1070 he was tried at Winchester, deposed, and confined for life. He was found starved to death in prison, perhaps by his own voluntary act. Round the neck of the unfortunate man was found a key, which opened certain secret recesses in which he had boarded up his immense wealth. He was ignorant and avaricious, and his fall was lamented by neither Saxon nor Norman.—D. G. STIGLMAYER, Johann Baptist, the celebrated Bavarian statuary and metal founder, was the son of a blacksmith, and was born at Fürstenfeldbruck, in the vicinity of Munich, in 1791. He was placed early with a goldsmith at Munich, and his natural talent soon attracted the notice of M. Leprieur, then director of the Bavarian mint, who procured the young Stiglmayer admission into the Munich Academy in 1810. The skill he showed as a medal engraver gained him an appointment in the mint; and in 1819 he was sent by the king, Maximilian I., to Italy, there to finish his education. At Rome he was fortunate in attracting the notice of the Bavarian crown prince, Ludwig, afterwards celebrated throughout the world, as Ludwig I., for his great taste and unexampled patronage of artists. In Naples Stiglmayer made his first efforts at casting; and the first success was a bust, after Thorwaldsen, of the crown prince his patron. In 1822 he returned to Munich, and was at first chiefly employed as an engraver at the mint. He did not begin his great series of metal castings until 1826, when Ludwig I. became king. Among these the principal are—the twelve colossal fire-gilt statues of the king's ancestors, ten feet high, after Schwanthaler, now in the new throne-room of the palace at Munich; the monument of Jean Paul Richter in Bayreuth, and that of Mozart in Saltzburg; Frederick of Brandenburg in Erlangen, and the Grand-duke Ludwig of Darmstadt, also after Schwanthaler; the statue of Schiller in Stuttgart, and the colossal equestrian monument of the Elector Maximilian I. at Munich, after Thorwaldsen; the monument of King Maximilian I. at Munich, after Rauch; besides many architectural friezes, ornaments, and monuments, candelabra, gates, &c. He left incomplete at his death the colossal statue of Göthe for Frankfort, and Schwanthaler's immense "Bavaria" for the Ruhmeshalle, near Munich, afterwards finished by Ferdinand Miller, his nephew. Stiglmayer died at Munich on the 2nd of March, 1844. He had been created a knight of the Bavarian order of St. Michael in 1839.—(Kunstblatt, 1844.)—R. N. W. * STILKE, Hermann, an eminent German painter, was born at Berlin in 1803. He studied in the Berlin Academy, and afterwards in that of Düsseldorf under Cornelius, whom he accompanied to Munich, and assisted in his great works there. After a brief sojourn in Italy he returned to Düsseldorf, where he became known as one of the foremost members of what is called the Düsseldorf school of religious art. Whilst at Düsseldorf Stilke painted a large number of religious pictures, and a few of secular subjects, as "Pilgrims in the Desert," and "John, the blind King of Bavaria, led into battle." The late king of Prussia invited him to paint the hall of the knights in the castle of Stolzenfels, and he has since resided in Berlin, the acknowledged head of the mediævalists. The most important of his recent works is a "Judith and Holofernes," on the merits of which opinions are much divided. Besides his large historical, scriptural, and ecclesiastical paintings in oil and fresco, he has painted many portraits and subject pieces.—J. T—e. STILL, John, was born at Grantham in 1543, and studied at Christ's college, Cambridge, where in 1570 he was appointed Lady Margaret's professor of divinity. He got various preferments in Suffolk and in Yorkshire, and was in succession master of St. John's college and of Trinity college. In 1589 he was prolocutor in convocation, and in 1592 he was promoted to the bishoprick of Bath and Wells. He died in 1607, having amassed a large fortune from lead-mines discovered in the Mendip hills. Bishop Still is believed by historians of the drama to have been the author in youth of one of the earliest comedies in the English language—"a ryght pithy, pleasaunt, and merie comedie, intytuled 'Gammer Gurton's Nedle,' played on the stage not long ago in