wrote commentaries on almost all the books of scripture, in

which he followed the literal sense. Indeed he may be called the founder of the Antiochian school of theology, and of the historico-grammatical method of interpretation. He wrote on the Trinity against the Apollinarists, the astrologers, &c. Only a few fragments of his works remain.—S. D. THEODORUS of Cyrene, was a disciple of the younger Aristippus, and was contemporary with Alexander the Great. Banished from his native country, he took refuge at Athens, where he resided for several years. At a later period we find him established at the court of Ptolemy I. in Egypt. His philosophy was that of the Cyrenaic school—sensuous and sceptical—recognizing no high aims for mankind, and strongly tinged with a universal unbelief. None of his works are extant.—G. THEODORUS of Samos, son of Rhœcus, was a very celebrated sculptor and architect, and is said to have been the first to make casts in bronze. His age is fixed at nearly seven hundred years before the christian era; but Junius, Thiersch, and some other critics assume that there were two artists of this name, the younger being the son of Telecles and nephew of the elder Theodorus. Telecles and Theodorus each made half of a statue of the Pythian Apollo, the former working at Samos and the latter at Ephesus, both parts perfectly agreeing, notwithstanding; it was doubtless of bronze. The celebrated ring of Polycrates, mentioned by ancient writers, is assumed to have been made by the younger Theodorus. Dr. Brunn, in his Geschichte der Griechischen Künstler, endeavours to show that there was only one Theodorus of Samos.—R. N. W. THEODORUS PRISCIANUS, a physician belonging to the fourth century. He lived at the court of Constantinople, was archiater, and belonged to the sect called Empirici. Theodorus is known as the author of "Rerum medicarum libri quatuor," written in bad Latin, and of little value. It was published at Strasburg and Basle in 1532, folio and quarto. It is also in the Medici Antiqui Latini, 1547, folio.—S. D. THEODOSIUS I., surnamed the Great, was descended from an illustrious Spanish family, and the son of that Theodosius whose exploits in Britain and Africa shed such lustre on the reign of Valens and Valentinian. He was born in 345, and educated by the most skilful preceptors in all the learning of the time, while he was instructed in the art of war by the care and discipline of his father. These early lessons were not fruitless, and Theodosius soon so greatly distinguished himself, that he was raised to the rank of duke, and received an independent command. Continuing to prosper in all his enterprises, it was not wonderful that he should ere long be looked upon as the only hope of the state in the hour of need; and when, in 379, the Emperor Gratian found that he was unable to resist unaided the tempest of barbarians which threatened to burst over the provinces, he invested Theodosius, then but in the thirty-third year of his age, with the purple, and gave him the empire of the East. By combined prudence and valour the newly-chosen emperor freed the eastern provinces from the pressure of the Gothic invaders; and good fortune here came to the aid of his wisdom and his military genius. Dissensions broke out among the Goths themselves, who in the end, tired of their anarchy, concluded a treaty with Theodosius at Constantinople in 381. That treaty implied their virtual submission. In 389 Theodosius entered Rome in triumph, after quelling the insurrection of Maximus, and restoring peace to the Western empire. Finally, after the defeat and death of Eugenius, this truly great and noble prince became sole emperor of the world, a title which he enjoyed only a few months, as he died at Milan in 395. He was the last monarch who ruled over the whole Roman empire.—J. J. THEODOSIUS II., or the Younger, was the son of Arcadius and grandson of Theodosius the Great. He was born in 401, and succeeded his father in 408. The long reign of Theodosius, during which his sister Pulcheria exercised the supreme power, was one of almost uninterrupted peace. He died in 450.—J. J. THEODOSIUS III., Emperor of Constantinople, was elevated to the throne in the room of Anastasius II. in 715. He reluctantly accepted the dignity, and retained it little more than a year, being dethroned by Leo III. Theodosius spent the remainder of his days in a monastery.—J. J. THEODOSIUS, a mathematician, was born, according to some authorities, in Bithynia, according to others in Lydia. He flourished either during the first century before, or the first century after, the christian era. The only work of his which is still extant is a treatise on the geometry of the sphere (Σφαιρικὰ), which forms part of the collection of Pappus.—W. J. M. R. THEODOTION, a Greek translator of the Old Testament in the second century, who lived under the Emperor Commodus. It is supposed that he was a native of Ephesus, and lived there for some time. Afterwards he resided at Sinope in Pontus. At first he was a Marcionite, but he afterwards embraced Ebionitism. His Greek version was published before 160. It is only a revision of the LXX. In the Hexapla of Origen it occupied the sixth column, next to the seventy. Theodotion's version of Daniel was generally substituted for that of the Septuagint.—S. D. THEODULF, a learned French prelate, was born about the middle of the eighth century in Cisalpine Gaul. He belonged to a distinguished Gothic family, and about the year 781 was called to the court of Charlemagne, who promoted him to the bishopric of Orleans and the abbacy of the monastery of Fleury. He founded several ecclesiastical schools, which became famous, and was the author of several works, an edition of which was published in 1646. One of his hymns, commencing "Gloria, laus, et honor," is sung during the procession in the service of the Romish church on Palm-Sunday. Theodulf received the title of archbishop in 817, but in the following year he was accused of being connected with the revolt of Bernard, king of Italy, against his uncle Louis. He was consequently banished from the court, and .deprived of his ecclesiastical offices. His death occurred at Angers in 818.—W. J. P. THEOGNIS of Megara, an elegiac and didactic poet, flourished from about 570 to 490 b.c. His native country was then distracted by the struggle of the oligarchic against the democratic faction. Theognis, nobly born and sympathizing with his own class, naturally took part with his own rank. He was in consequence banished from Megara, and his verses often indicate that he suffered severely under the sorrows of exile. Scarce anything more can be said of Theognis personally; but we still possess a considerable collection of verses under his name, which has occasioned much literary controversy. The truth appears to be that Theognis is one of the earliest Greek didactic poets of whom we have any remains—Hesiod, of course, excepted. Hence numerous poems of various antiquity were ascribed to him, and the collection which we now possess under his name is probably due in part to Phocylides, to Solon, and to Tyrtæus. It is at any rate a very interesting body of didactic verse, extending to nearly fourteen hundred lines. The best editions are those by Bekker, Leipsic, 1827; Orelli, Turin, 1840; and Gaisford, Oxford, in his collection of the minor Greek poets.—G. THEON, the Elder, a mathematician, lived in Smyrna in the course of the second century. He was the author of a treatise still extant, entitled "Τῶν κατὰ μαθεματικὴν εἰς τῆν Πλάτωνος ἀνάγνωσιν" (Of those parts of mathematics which are useful in reading Plato), and comprehending arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and the theory of music.—W. J. M. R. THEON, the Younger, an Alexandrian mathematician and astronomer, father of the famous Hypatia (q.v.), flourished in the course of the fourth century. He edited and commented the works of some older mathematicians. Of his own writings the most interesting that has come down to us is a description of the solar eclipse in 365.—W. J. M. R. THEON, Ælius, a philosopher of Alexandria, is variously placed from A. D. 150 to 300. He wrote numerous works on rhetoric and philosophy, one of which is still extant. It is entitled "Progymnasmata," and is a treatise on the training suitable for the profession of an orator. The best editions are by Heinsius, Leyden, 1626, and by Finckh, Stuttgart, 1834. This Theon must be distinguished from Theon the mathematician, the father of Hypatia.—G. THEOPHANES, the historian, was a native of Mitylene in Lesbos. He was driven from his country at an early age by political dissensions. During the campaigns of Pompey in the East, Theophanes became acquainted with him, and soon obtained a high place in his esteem, which he retained through life. From Pompey he received the Roman franchise, and at his request the privileges of a free state were granted to his native country Lesbos. Theophanes came to Italy with his patron, his influence with whom gave him considerable importance at Rome, as we learn from Cicero. After the battle of Pharsalia it was principally through his advice that Pompey resolved on taking refuge in Egypt. He was pardoned by Cæsar, and was still living in 44 b.c. Besides a history of the Mithridatic war,