prosecuting chiefly the study of mathematics and of law. After

this he studied first in the Ecole des mines at Paix, and afterwards for eighteen months at Constance, where he devoted his leisure hours to botany and geology. In 1830 he returned to Porrentrui, and continued to prosecute his geological researches. In 1831 he took an active part in the organization of the geological portion of the museum at Strasburg, and in 1832 he published, in the museum of the Natural History Society of that city, his first paper, "Sur les soulévements Jurassiques." In 1832 he became a member of the administration of the college of Porrentrui. He made many improvements in the college, instituted a mineralogical collection, and became professor of mathematics and of natural science. He was one of the founders of the Statistical Society of the Jura district. He prosecuted his geological researches in the Jura mountains, and brought his theory as to their elevation under the notice of the Scientific Association which met at Stuttgart and Soleure in 1834 and 1836. He was now nominated director of the normal school of Jura, was elected a member of the Geological Society of France, and presided at the meeting of that society held at Porrentrui in 1838. In 1843 he resigned the direction of the Jura school, and retired into private life, with the view of prosecuting his scientific researches with less interruption. His great work was his "Essai de Phytostatique Appliqué à la Chaine de Jura," &c., or the influence of the subjacent rocks on the dispersion of vascular plants—J. H. B. THURNEYSSER, Zum Thurn, an alchymist of the post-Paracelsian epoch, is said to have been born at Basle in 1530. In 1558 he conducted some mines at Tarenz on the Inn with great success, both as to money and reputation. We next find him managing certain lead mines in Scotland. Having cured the wife of John George, elector of Brandenburg, of a dangerous illness, he was appointed physician to that prince. By his medical practice, by dealing in cosmetics, and by his mining operations he became very wealthy. He professed to carry about with him a devil, which was simply a preserved scorpion! At last some of his pretensions were exposed, calamities multiplied upon him, and in 1584 he fled to Italy, where he laboured at the transmutation of metals. He died in 1590 at Cologne, denounced as a quack and impostor.—J. W. S. THUROT, Francis, a brave and skilful French sailor, was born in 1727. His father intended him for the medical profession, but at the age of eighteen he ran away from the college of Dijon, and embarked as surgeon on board a privateer at Dunkirk. His first voyage was unfortunate; the vessel was captured and he was taken prisoner. Having made his escape, however, he returned to Dunkirk, and enlisted as a common sailor. He gradually rose to the rank of captain, and obtained a high reputation for his daring and success in privateering. When peace was concluded with England in 1748, Thurot entered the merchant service; but when war again broke out in 1755, he once more resumed privateering, and inflicted great damage on the English commerce. The fame of his exploits induced the government to confer upon him an important command in the royal fleet, and he fought several desperate engagements with English ships in the German Ocean and the Baltic, and captured a large number of merchant vessels. In 1759 Thurot was appointed to the command of a small squadron at Dunkirk intended to make a descent upon the north coast of Ireland. After being repeatedly driven from his course by violent storms, he effected a landing on the 28th of February, 1760, before the town of Carrickfergus, which he soon reduced. But having received advices of the gathering of a strong force against him, he hastily re-embarked his men and sailed away. He was soon overtaken, however, by Captain Elliot and three English frigates, and after a desperate conflict Thurot was killed, having f ought his ship until the hold was almost filled with water, and the deck covered with dead bodies. Dispirited by the fall of their gallant chief, the three French vessels surrendered, and were carried to Ramsay Bay in the Isle of Man.—J. T. THYNNE, Thomas, a wealthy and influential English commoner and courtier in the reign of Charles II. He was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Thynne of Longleat, an ancestor of the marquis of Bath, and on account of his vast wealth and popularity was usually called "Tom of Ten Thousand." He was a friend and supporter of the duke of Monmouth, and is noticed under the name of "Issachar" in Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel. Describing the respect and favour with which Monmouth was received in the west on his progress in 1681, the poet, referring to the entertainment given to the duke at Longleat, says—

Mr. Thynne was the second husband of the youthful Lady Ogle, heiress of the Percy estates, and was murdered in Pallmall on the 12th of March, 1682, by three bravos suborned by Count Konigsmark, who hoped to marry his widow. The count was acquitted by a corrupt jury, but his accomplices were found guilty and executed. Sir John Reresby states that Lady Ogle "immediately after the marriage, repenting herself of the match, fled from him into Holland." This circumstance, together with the fact that Mr. Thynne had seduced Miss Trevor, one of the maids of honour to the queen of Charles II., gave rise to the following epigram:—

Mr. Thynne was buried in Westminster abbey, the manner of his death being represented on his monument.—J. T. TIARINI, Alessandro, was born at Bologna in 1577, and studied painting first under Prospero Fontana, after which he went to Florence, and entered the school of Passignano. He returned to Bologna, and adopted Ludovico Carracci as his model, and became one of the most distinguished of the Bolognese painters. He died at Bologna in 1668.—R. N. W. TIBALDI, Pellegrino, was born at Bologna about 1527, and earned a great reputation as a fresco painter. In 1547 he went to Rome to study the works of Michelangelo in the Sistine chapel—the great work of the Last Judgment being then fresh; he remained three years in Rome, and then returned to Bologna. He afterwards visited Ancona, where he was employed as an architect; and from Ancona he went to Pavia in 1562, and there built the palace, Delia Sapienza, for the celebrated Carlo Borromeo. In 1570 Tibaldi was appointed architect to the cathedral of Milan; and in 1586 he went to Spain to decorate the Escurial for Philip II. He remained nine years in Spain, and returned rich to Milan, and with the rank and title of Marquis of Valdelsa (the birthplace of his father). He died about the year 1600, probably at Milan. Pellegrino Tibaldi was one of those painters held up by the Carracci as models to their pupils; their words were—"Del Tibaldi il decoro e il fondamento;" and they dignified him with the title of Michelangelo Riformato, or the Reformed Michelangelo. Tibaldi imitated the great Florentine painter, without falling into his anatomical excesses; but the expression is a mere compliment.—(Malvasia; Cean Bermudez.)—R. N. W. TIBERIUS I. (Claudius Nero Cæsar), the son of T. Claudius Nero and Livia, was born November 16, 42 b.c. At the age of thirteen he accompanied Augustus in his triumphal entry into Rome, 29 b.c. In the Cantabrian war he acted as tribunus militum, and was sent to restore Tigranes to the kingdom of Armenia. He and his brother Drusus were also occupied with the war against the Rhæti, 15 b.c. In 13 b.c. he was consul; and in 11 he was compelled by Augustus to divorce Vipsania and marry Julia. After the death of Drusus in Germany, whose body he brought to Rome, he returned to the war and crossed the Rhine. In 7 b.c. he was consul again in Rome, and in 6 he retired to Rhodes, where he remained seven years, returning a.d. 2. While absent his wife Julia, whose conduct was notoriously licentious, had been banished by her father, and he never saw her again. After the deaths of C. and L. Cæsar, Augustus adopted Tiberius as his successor. From that time till the emperor's death he was usually abroad, leading the Roman armies against the enemies of the empire. Augustus accompanied him on his way to Illyricum as far as Beneventum, and died at Nola on his return, a.d. 14; after which Tiberius hastened to Rome to take upon him the title and office of emperor. One of his first acts was to put to death Postumus Agrippa, the nearest rival to the throne. Germanicus, his nephew, was leading the Roman armies against the Germans; and, faithful to the new emperor, quelled their mutinous spirit. But the emperor was jealous of his growing popularity and recalled him, pretending to give him a triumph. Germanicus was afterwards sent to the East; and Drusus, the son of Tiberius, to Illyricum, a.d. 17. The former was very successful in restoring order to Armenia. He died, however, in Syria, a.d. 19, not without suspicion of his having been poisoned at the instigation of the