the days of Constantine the Great, and author of various works

on rhetoric. He is also said to have written the Greek commentaries still extant on eighteen of Demosthenes' Orations. This is unlikely, as they are not specified by Suidas, who enumerates his works; internal evidence besides proves them to be of later date. Wolf supposes that they may have been originally composed by a sophist called Ulpian, but that they received additions and interpolations of a much later date, and affirms that they hardly throw any light on more than twenty passages. They were first printed by Aldus Manutius at Venice, 1503, folio, and often published in editions of the Attic orators.—S. D. ULPIANUS, Domitius, the celebrated lawyer, was born of a Tyrian family in the latter part of the second century, and flourished under the Emperors Caracalla, Elagabalus, and Alexander Severus. Having attained a great forensic reputation, and considerable political influence, he was banished by the tyrant Elagabalus, but was recalled by his successor. With Alexander Severus, Ulpian had great influence—which, however, proved fatal to himself; for being appointed by that emperor to the important office of præfectus prætorio, he was slain by the mutinous soldiery, who dreaded the strictness of his discipline, in 228. His legal writings were very numerous, and possessed unusual weight with subsequent jurists, by whom large extracts have been preserved to us. With Tribonian and his coadjutors, by whom the famous Digest of Justinian was prepared, the authority of Ulpian was held in such esteem that the extracts from his works amount to about one third of the entire Digest. He may, therefore, be considered one of the principal exponents of Latin jurisprudence, and has thus indirectly exercised no slight influence on the civil law of modern Europe. A further account of Ulpian may be found in Savigny, and in most writers on Roman law.—G. * ULRICI, Hermann, a German philosophical writer and litterateur, was born at Pförten, Lusatia, 23rd March, 1806. At the desire of his father he studied the law at Halle and Berlin, and then prepared for the bench. On the death of his father, however, he turned to philosophy and literature. In 1833 he began lecturing at Berlin, and in the following year obtained an extraordinary professorship at Halle, which he still holds. Ulrici has won for himself a position both in the field of philosophy, in which he opposed Hegel, and in that of literary history. We note his "Grundprincip der Philosophie," 2 vols.; "System der Logik;" "History of Hellenic Poetry," 2 vols.; and "Über Shakspeare's Dramatische Kunst," second edition, Leipsic, 1847, 2 vols. This book, displaying remarkable ingenuity and insight, has been translated into English, and is considered even in this country as one of the ablest treatises on the subject. Ulrici has also published an edition of Shakspeare's Romeo and Juliet.—K. E. UMBREIT, Friederich W. K., an eminent German Hebraist and commentator, was born at Sonneborn, near Gotha, on the 11th April, 1795, and was educated at the gymnasium of that city, and at the university of Göttingen. The poetry of the Old Testament had great charms for his young imagination, and at Göttingen he was easily gained by Eichhorn to oriental studies, the first-fruits of which appeared in 1816 in his "Commentatio historiam Emirorum al Omrah ex Abulfeda exhibens." In 1818 he commenced his career as an academic teacher at Göttingen, and in 1820 removed to Heidelberg, where he continued till his death in April, 1860. In 1829 he became an ordinary professor of the theological faculty, and in 1832 received from the Badish government the title of Kirchenrath. In 1828 he became associated with his colleague Ullmann, in the editorship of the Studien und Kritiken. He was a frequent contributor to its pages, and continued to the last to take a deep interest in the great problem to the solution of which it was devoted—the problem of conciliating the claims of a progressive scientific theology with those of evangelical faith and feeling. His own personal religious views and convictions became increasingly positive, though to the last he remained much more of a scholar and æsthetic commentator than a dogmatic divine. From first to last Herder was the chief object of his admiration, and he had much of Herder's fine taste and humanitarian sympathies. As he said of himself in the Studien und Kritiken, 1856, p. 477, "Eichhorn led me to Herder and Hammer, and first the orientalistico-theological, and later the theologico-orientalistic interpretation of the Old Testament was made choice of as the chief scientific employment of my life." His principal works are translations and commentaries, on the Song of Songs, 1820; the Book of Job, 1824; the Proverbs, 1826; the Prophets of the Old Testament, 4 vols., 1841-46; and on the Epistle to the Romans, explained on the ground of the Old Testament, 1856. The book of Koheleth or Ecclesiastes occupied much of his attention both in early and later life, and several of his smaller pieces were devoted to it. Dr. Ullmann has paid a beautiful tribute to his memory in a late number of the Studien und Kritiken; and Perthes, his publisher, is bringing out a new edition of his best works.—P. L. UNGER, Johann Friedrich, a German wood engraver of note, was born at Berlin in 1750, and died in 1804. In 1800 he was appointed professor of wood engraving in the Royal academy of Berlin. He particularly improved the German types, a kind of which was called after him—Ungerian type.—His wife, Friedrike Helene Unger, a daughter of General von Rothenburg, was born at Berlin in 1751; died on the 21st September, 1813. She distinguished herself as a novel writer, and her "Julchen Grünthal," 1784, and "Bekenntniss, einer schönen Seele," 1806, enjoyed a great popularity.—K. E. UPCOTT, William, the bibliographer of English topography, was born in London in June, 1779, the illegitimate son of Ozias Humphrey the painter, whose mother's maiden name was bestowed on him. After a round of schools and schooling he was apprenticed to Mr. Wright, the bookseller in Piccadilly, at whose shop the Antijacobin was projected, and where Upcott's intelligence recommended him to the notice of William Gilford, and other eminent men. After three years and a half he became assistant to Mr. Evans, the well-known bookseller in Pall-Mall, with whom he remained six years. In May, 1806, when Person was appointed librarian of the London institution, Upcott became its sublibrarian, and through his exertions its library was made peculiarly rich in works relating to English topography. From an early period Upcott was a collector, especially of autographs, and the house in Islington, to which he removed on leaving the London Institution, and where he died in September, 1845, was named by him Autograph cottage. It was from Upcott's stores that were printed in 1828 the correspondence of the second earl of Clarendon, and in 1830 the Thoresby correspondence. The unpublished manuscript of Evelyn's famous Diary was rescued from the rats by Upcott, and he edited Evelyn's Miscellaneous works, 1825. Upcott's own very useful work, "A Bibliographical Account of the Principal Books relating to English Topography," 1818, is well-known and appreciated. He left considerable collections for the history of Oxfordshire.—F. E. * UPHAM, Thomas C., D.D., professor of mental and moral philosophy in Bowdoir college, Maine, in the United States, has contributed to the literature of his country in the various departments of philosophy, æsthetics, and poetry, and is the author of several works calculated to aid and comfort in the exercise of spiritual devotion. His religious philosophy partakes of the Quietism which swayed some leading minds in France during the last century, and the work by which he is best known in England is "The Life and religious opinions of Madame Guyon, together with some account of the personal history and religious opinions of Abp. Fenelon," 1855. For a list of his works see Trübner's Guide to American Literature.—R. H. UPTON, James, a learned English divine, was born December 10, 1670, at Winslow, Cheshire, and was educated at Eton and at Cambridge. He became master of the Taunton grammar-school, then one of the largest in the kingdom, and obtained several church preferments near Taunton. He was the author of an excellent edition of Aristotle's De Arte Poetica, published with notes at Cambridge in 1696; of Dionysius Halicarnassensis' De Structura Orationis, published at Eton in 1702; of a revised edition of Roger Ascham's Schoolmaster, in 1711; and of a "Novus Historiarum Fabellarumque Delectus," in 1726. He died in 1749.—His son, John Upton, was also noted for his classical attainments, and enjoyed various church preferments. He published in 1737 an edition of Arian's Epictetus; in 1758, Spenser's Faerie Queene, with glossary and notes; and "Observations on Shakspeare." He died December 9, 1760.—F. URBAN: of this name there were several popes:—

Urban I., a Roman by birth, was chosen bishop of Rome in 223 as successor of Calixtus. It is said that he suffered martyrdom under Alexander Severus, during a persecution which was commenced without the emperor's command. The introduction of silver vessels into churches is attributed to him.

Urban II., was born at Chatillon, studied at Rheims, was prior of Clugny, and made bishop of Ostia by Gregory VII. On