QUIGNONES, Francisco de, a Spanish Franciscan, who

became general of his order in 1522. Charles V. so esteemed him that he made him "councillor of his council of conscience." When Clement VII. was taken prisoner by Charles, the captive pope employed Quignones to treat of peace and procure his freedom. His success was rewarded by a cardinal's hat and an appointment as legate to Spain. He died in 1540. A revised breviary was published by him, but it was suppressed by Pius V., and is now rare.—B. H. C. QUILLET, Claude, a modern Latin poet, born at Chinon in Touraine. He was engaged in the practice of medicine; but having offended Laubardemont, a creature of Richelieu, by having exposed the impotence of a pretended devil at Loudun, he was obliged to flee, and went to Rome where he entered the church. The poem on which his fame rests was published at Leyden in 1655, and entitled "Calvidii Leti Callipædia, seu de pulchræ prolis habendæ ratione." It contained some passages reflecting on Cardinal Mazarin, who sent for the poet and promised him the first vacant abbey. The offensive passages were altered in subsequent editions. An English translation by N. Rowe was printed at London in 1710. Quillet died at Paris in September, 1661.—D. W. R. QUIN, James, a celebrated actor, was born in King Street, Covent Garden, London, on the 24th February, 1693. He was taken by his father, a barrister, to Dublin, and educated there. When only seventeen, and while he was pretending to study law in London, his father died, leaving him without any means. The stage proved a valuable resource. In 1717 Quin obtained an engagement at Drury Lane. He remained in a subordinate position until 1720, when Rich the manager reluctantly allowed him to play Falstaff, a part which he made his own for the remainder of his life. Two of his happiest representations were those of Cato and Sir John Brute; and until the appearance of Garrick he remained at the head of the Drury Lane company. He was a kind-hearted man, but of a rough caustic humour, with a Hibernian readiness for a quarrel; and in a scuffle with a fellow-actor named Williams, Quin unfortunately killed his antagonist. For this he was tried at he Old Bailey, and found guilty of manslaughter. Notwithstanding an event so deplorable, Quin continued to be a popular favourite. His reputation as a wit and as an epicure, was not less than his fame as an actor. His jokes have helped to stock many a book with anecdote. In 1748 Quin taking offence at the conduct of Rich the manager, retired, after fighting a duel with Theophilus Gibber, to Bath, where, with the exception of occasional appearances in London, he spent the remainder of his life. He died on the 21st January, 1766. As teacher of elocution to the children of Frederick, prince of Wales, he obtained the regard of King George III.—R. H. QUINAULT, Philippe, dramatist, and the first celebrated writer of French operas, was born at Paris in 1635. Under the auspices of Tristan l'Hermite, who conceived for him a sincere friendship, and left him a considerable legacy, he commenced to write for the stage, and had produced seventeen pieces, tragedies and comedies, before his thirty-first year. Of these, "La Mere Coquette" and "L'Astrate" are the best remembered. His fame, however, dates from his connection with the celebrated c omposer, Lulli, which lasted fourteen years, during which he wrote seventeen operas, beginning with "Les Fetes d'Amour et de Bacchus," and ending with his masterpiece, "Armide." Quinault was a member of the French Academy and the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, and received from Louis XIV., whose admiration of his genius was excessive, the order of St. Michael and a pension of two hundred livres. Deeply affected by the death of Lulli in 1687, he ceased to write for the stage; and devoted his declining years to the composition of a serious epic entitled "L'Heresie Détruite," which he did not live to finish. He died in 1688, and his works were printed at Paris in 1739 and 1778.—W. J. P. QUINCTILIANUS, Marcus Fabius, a celebrated rhetorician, is said by some to have been born at Calagurris in Spain. This opinion rests on the testimony of Ausonius, Jerome, and Cassiodorus. Others maintain that he was a native of Rome, and in support of the statement draw attention to the fact that Martial, who was himself a native of Spain, and who has commemorated most of his distinguished countrymen, never mentions Quinctilian. We believe that he was a Spaniard, and that he received most of his education at Rome. When a very young man he attended the lectures of Domitius Afer, who died a.d. 59. We may therefore conclude that he was born about a.d. 40, After completing his education, he revisited Spain, and then returned with Galba to Rome a.d. 68, where he practised as an advocate with much success. As a teacher of rhetoric for twenty years he excelled all his contemporaries. Pliny the Younger was one of his pupils. The Emperor Domitian intrusted to him the education of his two grand-nephews, and honoured him with the insignia and title of consul. In the time of Vespasian, he received a salary from the public exchequer. In the preface to the sixth book of his work on rhetoric he laments the death of his wife and two sons, the former of whom died in her nineteenth year. The elder son had lived till the age of ten. As Pliny the Younger speaks of a daughter who was about to be married, it is conjectured that Quinctilian married a second time. About a.d. 69 he retired into private life, and died about 118. His pecuniary circumstances were moderate if we may credit Pliny (ep. vi. 32); but Juvenal would lead us to think he was rich (vii. 136, &c.). Rich he was, comparatively speaking, for other rhetoricians were poor; but he does not seem to have been affluent except by comparison. His great work, "De institutione oratoria" (On the education of an orator), was written in the reign of Domitian, whom he praises extravagantly in the preface to the fourth book. It is dedicated to his friend Marcellus Victorius, and consists of twelve books. It is remarkable that he wrote it in little more than two years; but the subject was familiar to him. Two books indeed had been already published by pupils from their notes without his consent. The first book treats of the education of a youth before he enters properly on the study of rhetoric; the second book explains the first principles of rhetoric; the third distributes the subject into five parts; the fourth and fifth treat of the proœmium, narratio, probatio, refutatio in judicial causes; the sixth treats of the peroratio; the seventh of the dispositio; the eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh enlarge upon elocutio, or composition and delivery; the twelfth discusses the qualifications necessary for an orator. The whole treatise exhibits sound sense, excellent taste, acute discrimination, accurate thought, and polished diction. Certain "Declamationes "have also been published under the name of Quinctilian, one hundred and sixty-four all, of which nineteen are of considerable length. These productions are not authentic. The best edition of Quinctilian's Institutes is that of Spalding, 4 vols. 8vo, 1798-1816; to which another volume was added by Zumpt, 1829. They have been translated into English, French, Italian, and German.—S. D. QUINQUARBOREUS or CINQUARBRES (also called Quinquarbres and Cinquarboreus), Johannes, was born in Auvergne early in the sixteenth century. He studied Hebrew, Syriac, &c., under Francis Vatablus, and was professor of these languages at the college of France in 1554. He became dean of the royal professors, and died in 1587. Quinquarboreus was a successful student, and was especially distinguished for his knowledge of the oriental languages. He published a number of learned works—"De Grammatica Hebraica opus," 1546; "Linguæ Hebraicæ Institutiones," 1559; "Notae in Clenardi Grammat.," no date; the Gospel of St. Matthew in Hebrew; a Latin version of the Targums of Jeremiah, Hosea, Joel, Amos, &c.; and Latin translations from the works of Avicenna.—B. H. C. QUINTANA, Manuel José de, worthily named the Spanish Tyrtæus, was born 11th April, 1772, and educated at Salamanca, where Jovellanos, Cienfuegos, and Melendez Valdes were among his companions. He became an advocate in Madrid, and his house was the centre of a literary opposition to the favourite Godoy. Among the earliest of his poems is an "Ode to the sea"—the fruit of a journey, made for the express purpose of seeing the ocean, from Madrid to Cadiz in 1798. Other odes are "On the battle of Trafalgar," in which a somewhat narrow patriotism struggles with the more genuine sentiments of the man, and one on the introduction of vaccination into the Spanish colonies, to which the same remark will apply. Others are—"On the invention of printing;" "To Spain, after the insurrection of March," April, 1808; "On the armament of the Spanish provinces against the French," July, 1808; "The Pantheon of the Escurial," &c. His dramas, "The Duke of Visco," and "Pelayo," are thought to be his least successful works, and justify the criticism of Mr. Kennedy that his forte was eloquence rather than poetry. Quintana rendered good service to the growing literary taste by editing a periodical entitled Varieties, and in 1808 he issued the first volume of