the progress of the French arms. After remaining there two

years he returned to England, and became involved in a quarrel with his brother, in consequence of his having by force deprived one of the barons of a manor granted to him by the king. His ruling passion was to amass money, and he was not always very scrupulous as to the means he employed. He had more good sense and firmness, however, than his brother, whom he alternately opposed and supported, and was frequently called upon to act as a mediator between him and the barons in the fierce contentions which raged during that reign. He had the foresight and good sense to decline the offer which the pope made to him of the crown of Sicily; but at a later period his vanity and ambition prevailed over his prudence and avarice, and in 1256 he allowed himself to be elected king of the Romans by the German princes, who were induced to make choice of him solely on account of his immense wealth. He expended enormous sums of money in bribing these needy and greedy electors, and found in the end that he had gained nothing but an empty title. He was crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, but never exercised any real authority in the country. In 1264 he was taken prisoner by Simon de Montfort, along with the king his brother, at the battle of Lewes, but regained his liberty in the following year. He died in 1272. Richard was thrice married, and left seven children, all of whom died without issue.—J. T. RICHARD of Saint Victor, a celebrated mystical theologian and philosopher in the twelfth century, came at a very early age to Paris. Having resolved to adopt the monastic life, he pursued his studies at the abbey of Saint Victor there. His principal instructor was Hugh of Saint Victor, who has like himself a notable name among the mystics of the middle ages. Gradually gaining influence by his genius, his virtues, and his piety, Richard was elected prior of the abbey in the year 1164. He died in 1173. Separately or together, his works have appeared in various editions. They have been classified as commentaries on divers portions of the Bible—treatises on mystical morality, dogmatical treatises, sermons, and extracts. Richard was by birth a Scotchman, and it is singular that that psychological tendency for which Scottish philosophy is remarkable, was conspicuous in Richard; for it is admitted that he described with more details than any of the mystics who preceded him the contemplative operations, marking with precision the place, the function, and the importance of each. Some writers who admire his fulness of ideas, his emotional energy, his warmth of imagination, have attacked him for wanting method, taste, logical and critical power. He has been accused likewise of borrowing his scheme of the phases of mental development from the Scala Cœli of Honorius of Autun, a voluminous scholastical author, who died about forty years before the prior of Saint Victor. According to that scheme, the four first phases are called natural phases. During these man reflects on the Divine, has a presentiment of the heavenly. In the fifth phase reason and revelation unite in the same results, harmonize in the same conviction. Man in the sixth phase obtains from revelation things which seem in contradiction to reason, such as the doctrine of the Trinity. The philosophical proof of the scheme has been rejected by rationalists as unsatisfactory. But whatever may be thought of Richard as a theologian and philosopher, he will always be illustrious as a profound mystic. He has said that God is love, whom whosoever loveth, loveth love; that love is an eye, and that to love is to see. Numerous are his other suggestive and sublime utterances, which are true for all time, though metaphysical systems may perish as rapidly as they rise.—W. M—l. RICHARD, Achille, a medical man and botanist of France, was born in Paris on 27th April, 1794, and died in October, 1852, in the fifty-ninth year of his age. He was the son of a botanist of high reputation, and was educated for the medical profession. He was a doctor of medicine of the university of Paris. He devoted himself to botany, and assisted his father in his lectures at the Faculty of Sciences. He was afterwards chosen professor of botany to the Faculty of Medicine of Paris. He was a man of amiable disposition and agreeable manners, and contributed much to the diffusion of sound botanical knowledge among the pupils of the medical school of Paris. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences, and a fellow of the Linnæan Society of London. He published the following works—"Elemens de Botanique et de Physiologic Vegétale;" "Botanique Medicale;" monograph of the orchideæ of the Isle of France, and of the Rubiaceæ; "Flora Novæ Zealandiæ;" "Tentamen Floræ Senegambiæ;" besides numerous memoirs in the Dictionnaire de Médecine, Dictionnaire Classique d'Hist. Nat., Annales des Sciences Naturelles, and Bulletin des Sciences.—J. H. B. RICHARD, Louis Claude-Marie, a celebrated French botanist, was born at Versailles on 4th September, 1754, and died on 7th June, 1821, at the age of sixty-seven. He was the eldest son of Claude Richard, king's gardener at Auteuil. In this garden, as well as at the Trianon, Louis acquired his first elements of botany. It was proposed that he should enter the church, but this he declined. Notwithstanding the solicitations of his father, he obstinately refused to become a priest. His favourite studies were botany, comparative anatomy, zoology, and mineralogy. He studied also the art of design. He presented some memoirs to the Academy of Sciences, which early attracted the attention of Bernard de Jussieu. In 1781 he was sent by Louis XVI. (on the recommendation of the Academy of Sciences) on a scientific expedition to French Guiana and the Antilles. He made large collections, botanical, zoological, and mineralogical. In doing so he underwent great fatigue, and incurred much risk. In 1789 he returned to France with a collection of three thousand plants, most of them new; a number of boxes filled with quadrupeds, birds, insects, and shells; and a series of minerals and rocks. As the Revolution had commenced he found great difficulty in publishing the results of his labours, and his resources were completely exhausted, without the prospect of any remuneration. He passed some years in complete seclusion, arranging his collections. He was then elected professor of botany in the school of medicine of Paris, and was also chosen a member of the Institute. He was a zealous and successful teacher, and made excursions with his pupils into the country for the purpose of collecting plants. During the latter years of his life he was assisted by his son Achille. Amongst his published works are the following—"Dictionnaire Elementaire de Botanique;" "Demonstrations Botaniques;" memoirs on Balanophoraceæ, Coniferæ, and Cycadeæ, and on other natural orders; besides numerous papers in journals and Transactions.—J. H. B. RICHARDSON, Charles, LL.D., lexicographer, was born at Hoxton, Middlesex, in 1775, and educated at Hatfield, Yorkshire. He was intended for the profession of the law, but his scholarly tastes interfered with the execution of this programme, and he became a teacher of youth. Among his pupils was the late Mr. J. M. Kemble, the well-known Anglo-Saxon scholar. In 1815 he published his "Illustrations of English Philology" (reprinted 1826), comprising a critical examination of Johnson's Dictionary, in which the etymologies and plan of the great lexicographer's work were severely handled. Dr. Richardson is best known by his "New Dictionary of the English Language," 1836-37, commenced in 1818 in the lexicographical department of the Encyclopædia Metropolitana. In this dictionary the English words and those which they derive from, in either the Teutonic or the Romanic families of language, are traced to their origin; the explanations are deduced historically, so to speak, from the primitive meaning; and the copious quotations are arranged according to the chronological sequence of the authors or works furnishing them. Dr. Richardson also published in 1854, a little work "On the study of Languages." He died on the 6th of October, 1865.—F. E. RICHARDSON, John, a native of Chester, was consecrated bishop of Ardagh in 1633. He removed to England in 1641, and died in London in 1654. He was the author of the Commentary on Ezekiel in the Assembly's Annotations, and published Observations on the Old Testament.—D. W. R. RICHARDSON, Sir John, Knight, C.B., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., honorary member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., &c., &c., inspector-general of naval hospitals and fleets, a distinguished arctic traveller and naturalist, was born at Dumfries, in 1787, and educated at the grammar-school of that town. In the session of 1801-2 he proceeded to Edinburgh, and after passing the first year in attendance at the Greek and Latin classes under Professors Dalzell and Hill, he devoted himself to the study of medicine. A perusal of all the books of voyages and travels which he could procure, fostered in the mind of young Richardson a strong desire to visit strange lands, which induced him to enter the medical department of the royal navy in 1807, having previously obtained his diploma from the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, and undergone a second examination before the Royal College of Surgeons