Upon the formation of the Derby administration in 1852, Mr.

Whiteside was appointed solicitor-general for Ireland, a post which he held till the January following, when he resigned with his party; and upon their reaccession to power in March, 1858, he became attorney-general for Ireland and a privy councillor, resigning office in the following June. Notwithstanding his professional and parliamentary engrossments, Mr. Whiteside has found time to dedicate to literature. Two of his publications have taken their place amongst the standard books of the day— "Ancient Rome" and "Travels in Italy," the latter an indispensable hand-book for Italian tourists. He has also given public lectures on literary and political subjects.—J. F. W. WHITGIFT, John, Archbishop of Canterbury, was the son of a merchant in Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, where he was born in 1530, he had an uncle, Robert Whitgift, who was abbot of a monastery of black canons of St. Augustine, near Grimsby, and under whose influence his mind was early disposed to favour the doctrines of the Reformation. After attending for some time a school belonging to the religious house of St. Anthony, London, he was entered at Cambridge, where he studied first in Queen's college, and afterwards in Pembroke hall, where protestant principles were in more favour than at Queen's; Ridley, Bradford, and Grindal being all members of the latter college. In 1554 he took his bachelor's degree, and in the following year was elected fellow of Peterhouse. Here the favour and friendship of the master. Dr. Andrew Perne, proved of the utmost value to him during the reign of Queen Mary, by screening him from the visitors sent down to the university by Cardinal Pole in 1557, for the purpose of extirpating the Reformation and punishing its professors. Perne was vice-chancellor at the time, and took a zealous part in the proceedings of the visitors, but he threw an effectual shield over Whitgift—a kindness which he never forgot. At the accession of Elizabeth a career of great success and distinction opened before him. Having taken orders in 1560, he soon signalized himself as a preacher and divine; and during a residence of fifteen years from that time he filled in succession all the highest posts of the university, and bore a prominent part in its teaching and government. In 1563 he was made Margaret professor of divinity, in 1567 master of Pembroke hall, and in a few months thereafter Queen Elizabeth, who had made him one of her chaplains, appointed him master of Trinity. In the same year he became regius professor of divinity, and was succeeded by Cartwright in the Margaret professorship. There were many points of difference between these two eminent professors. Well matched in talents and learning and force of character, agreeing, too, perfectly in theological opinion, they were strongly opposed to each other on points of ecclesiastical discipline and rite. Whitgift was strongly attached to the settlement of the church already established; Cartwright was the foremost champion of the puritan party who demanded a further reformation, and publicly defended their principles and aims in his lectures as Margaret professor. Whitgift challenged him to a public disputation, wrote against him, and employed all the machinery of university discipline to procure his censure and expulsion from the chair. He succeeded in driving him from the university, and it would have been well if he had been satisfied with that painful victory, and had not afterwards renewed the war against his antagonist with other weapons than his able and learned pen. In 1571 he was made dean of Lincoln, and in 1572 was elected prolocutor of the lower house of convocation, in which he sat as proctor for the dean and chapter of Ely, where he held a prebend. The famous puritan "Admonition to Parliament" calling loudly for an answer from the defenders of things as they were, Archbishop Parker requested Whitgift to undertake it—a task which he executed with such distinguished ability and learning that the "Answer to the Admonition" has sometimes been placed by English churchmen side by side with Jewel's Apology and Defence—the one as a vindication of the order of the Church of England against the puritans, the other as a vindication of its doctrine against the Romanists. The work first appeared in 1572; a reply to it by Cartwright came out in 1573, and in the same year Whitgift wrote a "Defence of the Answer" against this reply. His services in this controversy were soon afterwards rewarded with the see of Worcester, to which he was appointed in 1576. As a bishop he commended himself highly to the queen, by the equal zeal which he manifested in his diocese against both puritans and papists; and upon the suspension of Archbishop Grindal by the star-chamber, for refusing to put down the religious meetings of the clergy called prophesyings, Elizabeth pressed him to accept the primacy, which, however, he honourably declined during Grindal's lifetime. In 1583 he succeeded to it after Grindal's death, and from this time forward the history of his ecclesiastical administration becomes an important part of the history of the kingdom, and anything but a happy part of it. He did much to exasperate the puritan spirit, and to prepare the troubles and confusions which followed in the next age. Though learned and acute, and not constitutionally cruel, he was narrow-minded, pertinacious, and severe. Nor can he be excused on the plea that he only reflected in his proceedings the persecuting spirit of the age, for he went further in that direction than the best representatives of his age approved. Lord Burleigh, though his "very good friend," often expressed disapprobation of his proceedings; and Lord Leicester, it is well known, took Cartwright, whom the archbishop continued to pursue with an unworthy consistency of severity, under his powerful protection, by appointing him master of his hospital at Warwick. Still, it is only justice to add that his better nature sometimes prevailed. He earnestly besought the queen to pardon Udal and others condemned to die for sedition, and he procured the dismission of Cartwright from the star-chamber upon his giving an engagement that he would cause the rulers of the church no further trouble. He survived till the reign of James I., and took part in the celebrated conference of Hampton court; but he died soon after, on the 29th of February, 1604, in the seventy-third year of his age. He founded in his lifetime an hospital at Croydon, which still exists, besides restoring the ancient hospital of Eastbridge in Canterbury.—P. L. * WHITTIER, John Greenleaf, "the Quaker poet" of America, was born in 1808 at a homestead in the neighbourhood of Haverhill, Massachusetts. He is descended from a Quaker family which, in spite of old puritan persecution, established itself on the banks of the Merrimac. Until he was eighteen he laboured on the paternal farm, occasionally writing verses for a local paper, and adding to his little means by working at the unpoetical trade of shoemaker. At last, in 1827, he became editor of a Boston newspaper; and in 1831 published his first volume of poems, "Legends of New England." In 1836 he was elected secretary of the American Antislavery Society; and of his several works, the "Voices of Freedom," metrical pleadings for the slave, is that by which he has become best and most widely known as a writer of verse.—F. E. WHITTINGHAM, William, the puritan dean of Durham, was born of a good family in Chester in 1524, and was educated at Brasennose college, Oxford. In 1545, after taking his bachelor's degree, he was elected fellow of All Souls, and in 1547 was either a canon or tutor of Christ's church. In 1550, having obtained leave to travel, he visited France, Germany, and Italy, and at Orleans he married the sister of Calvin. Soon after his return to England the persecutions of Mary obliged him to take refuge on the continent again; and at Frankfort he was one of the party who sided with John Knox in opposing the introduction of King Edward's liturgy into the congregation of English refugees. When Knox was compelled to withdraw from Frankfort, Whittingham followed him to Geneva, and upon Knox's leaving that city for Scotland he took orders in the Genevan form, and was elected to succeed him in the charge of the English flock. He took a large share of the labour of preparing the Genevan English translation of the Bible, and remained for some time in Geneva after the return of his fellow-labourers to England, in order to complete the work. Several also of the metrical psalms in Sternhold and Hopkins' version were composed by him. Soon after his return to England he was made dean of Durham, through the interest of Ambrose, earl of Warwick; and although he had been a zealous opponent of "the habits," he did not refuse compliance with the order of 1564 which enjoined their use, assigning as his justification a saying of Calvin, who was moderate on such points—"That for external matters of order they might not lawfully neglect their ministry, for so should they for tithing of mint neglect the greater things of the law." He was dean of Durham for sixteen years, and did important service to Elizabeth's government in the rebellion of 1569. But he gave great offence to the court by a preface which he wrote to Christopher Goodman's book against female government, and in the last years of his deanship his puritan views and ways involved him in much trouble with his archbishop. Dr. Sandys, who in 1577 commenced the primary visita-