Imitation of the Greek Works of Painting and Sculpture," take

the first rank; but the essay on Allegory advances opinions which are not borne out by facts. The "Description des pierres gravées du feu Baron de Stosch," must still be considered a most valuable contribution to the knowledge of gems. The best edition of Winkelmann's complete works is that by Fernow, Meyer, and Schulze; new edition, Leipsic, 1828. His voluminous correspondence has been given to the world in a number of works by various editors; and his life has been written by Gurlitt (Magdeburg, 1797), Petersen, and others. See also Göthe's Winckelmann und sein Jahrhundert. The birthday of Winckelmann is annually celebrated by almost all archæological societies of Germany, and a statue has been erected to him in his native town.—K. E. WINCKLER, Gottlieb Friedrich, archæologist, born at Strasburg in 1771. Being drawn for the conscription, his comrades elected him their captain. At the capture of Fort Vauban he was taken prisoner, and profited by his captivity to learn Hungarian and modern Greek. After his release he attended the archæological lectures of Millin in Paris, and obtained a post in the numismatic museum. He was already well versed in ancient and modern languages and bibliography, and applied himself with untiring zeal to the study of numismatics and palæography, and probably the result of his labours would have been given to the world but for his sudden death from apoplexy in 1807. He wrote numerous articles for the Magasin Encyclopédique, among them an important "Notice sur les Grecs Modernes," and a biography of Oberlin. A memoir of him, by his colleague Millin, will be found in the same periodical, 1807.—F. M. W. WINDHAM, Charles Ashe, Major-general, the "hero of the Redan," was the third son of the late Vice-admiral Windham, and a nephew of William Windham the statesman. He was born in Norfolk in 1810. In 1826 he entered the army as ensign and lieutenant in the Coldstream Guards. He was promoted to a captaincy in 1833, and served in Canada from 1838 to 1842. In 1854 he had risen to the rank of colonel, and acted as assistant quartermaster-general of the fourth division in the Crimean expedition. At Inkermann he distinguished himself highly, and when Cathcart fell the command of the fourth division devolved upon him until the end of the action. He commanded the storming party of the second division at the last attack on the Redan, and his singular daring on that occasion was the subject of general admiration. He was rewarded by the rank of major-general, by the appointment of governor of the Karabelnaia—the part of Sebastopol occupied by the English—and was soon afterwards placed in command of the fourth division. In April, 1857, he entered the house of commons as one of the members for the eastern division of Norfolk, and in the August of the same year proceeded to India to assist in the repression of the Indian mutiny. He commanded at Cawnpore, and defeated the Gwalior contingent on the Pandoo Nuddee, 26th November, 1857, fighting several severe actions with them on the last days of the same month. He afterwards commanded a division in the field under Lord Clyde, and was subsequently appointed to the command of the Lahore division. He died in February, 1870.—F. E. WINDHAM, William, a distinguished statesman, was born in 1750. He was the only son of Colonel William Windham of Felbrigg, the head of a family which had been settled in Norfolk ever since the eleventh, or the beginning of the twelfth century. He was educated first at Eton, and afterwards at the university of Glasgow, and at University college, Oxford. On leaving the latter in 1771, he travelled for some time on the continent, and in 1773 joined an expedition of discovery towards the north pole, which was then sent out under Commodore Phipps, but he was obliged by illness to land on the coast of Norway, and return home. Windham had hitherto manifested a marked indifference to politics, but in 1778 he made his first appearance as a public speaker, at a county meeting held at Norwich, in opposition to a proposal to raise money by subscription, in aid of government, for carrying on the American war. The impression produced by his speech on this occasion led to his being nominated in his absence, and without his knowledge, a candidate for the city of Norwich in 1780. He was not elected, however, and continued for two or three years to reside principally in London, where he enjoyed the society of Johnson, Burke, and other leading members of the famous Literary Club. On the formation of the coalition ministry in 1783, Windham was appointed chief secretary to the earl of Northington, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, but he resigned that office in the course of a few months. Shortly after the overthrow of the coalition administration, the parliament was dissolved by Pitt, and Windham was elected member for Norwich. He made his first speech in parliament, in answer to Pitt, on the question of the Westminster scrutiny, and at once gave promise of the high rank to which he attained as a public speaker. In 1788 Windham was appointed one of the managers of the impeachment of Warren Hastings; and when the illness of the king in the following year led to the introduction of a regency bill, he took an active part in support of the claims of the prince of Wales, and against the restrictions on his power proposed by the government. At the general election of 1790 Windham was again returned for Norwich, and continued to act with the whig party until the division in their ranks caused by the differences of opinion among them respecting the French revolution, when he took part with Burke against Fox, and zealously supported the war with France. In 1794 he joined the ministry of Pitt, along with the duke of Portland and Earls Spencer and Fitzwilliam, and was appointed secretary at war. He held this office till the ministry was dissolved in 1801, in consequence of the king's refusal to consent to the removal of the Roman catholic disabilities. Windham's deep-rooted aversion to French principles led him to offer a decided opposition to the treaty of Amiens, which was concluded by the new administration; and on the 13th of May, 1802, he moved an address to his majesty, expressing disapprobation of the treaty, and especially of the increase of territory and power which it had secured to France. But his motion was rejected by an overwhelming majority, and caused the loss of his re-election for Norwich on the dissolution of parliament a few months later. He was returned, however, by the borough of St. Mawes. On the downfall of Addington's administration in 1804, and the obstinate refusal of the king to allow Fox as well as the Grenvilles to be included in the new cabinet, Windham, like Lord Grenville, refused to take office under Pitt, and united with his early friend Fox in opposition to the new government. After the death of Pitt Windham was appointed secretary for the war and colonial departments in the ministry of "all the talents," and applied himself with great energy to strengthen the military force of the country, and to improve the condition of the soldiers. He brought forward various proposals for increasing the pay and pensions both of officers and soldiers, which were carried into effect by large majorities. He was ejected from office along with his friends in 1807, and during the remainder of his career took his place on the opposition benches. He sat for the borough of New Romney in the parliament of 1806, and on its dissolution in the following year, he was elected for Higham-Ferrars. He took a prominent part in denouncing the expedition against Copenhagen (1808), and the ill-fated Walcheren expedition (1809), and one of his best speeches was devoted to the refutation of the pleas put forth in defence of the latter. His health, however, now began to fail, and in July, 1809, while exerting himself to save the valuable library of his friend Mr. Frederick North from destruction by fire, he fell and received a hurt in the hip. The injury originated a tumour, which he unfortunately neglected. He underwent an operation on the 17th of May, 1810, and fever having supervened, he died on the 3rd of June, in the sixtieth year of his age. Windham was an accomplished gentleman, and a powerful debater rather than a great statesman. He was possessed of a lively, pungent wit, and a turn for subtle reasoning, but he was often the victim of his own ingenuity; while his love of paradox, combined with his indomitable bravery and his strong dislike of all truckling to the mob, made him not infrequently support measures which his enlightened and liberal associates, as well as the great body of his countrymen, condemned. His style of speaking. Lord Brougham says, "was in the easy tone of familiar conversation; but it was full of nice observation and profound remark: it was instinct with classical allusion: it was even over-informed with philosophic and with learned reflection, and it sparkled with the finest wit." Lord Macaulay terms him "the finest gentleman of his age; his form developed by every manly exercise; his face beaming with intelligence and spirit—the ingenuous, the chivalrous, the high-souled Windham."—J. T. WINDISCHGRAETZ, Alfred, Prince, an Austrian general, was born at Brussels the 22nd May, 1787, and became lieutenant in Schwartzenberg's regiment of lancers in 1804. He took part in the Napoleonic wars, and distinguished himself at the battles of Leipsic, Troyes, and Fere Champenoise. In the revo-