splendid of the modern churches of Munich, and of its class the

finest in Germany.—J. T—e. ZIÉGLER, Claude Louis, a celebrated French painter, was born at Langres in 1804, and studied under M. Ingres. His early works—"Giotto and Cimabue," the "Death of the Foscari," 1830, and the portrait of Marshal de Saucerre, 1834 —having attracted the notice of the king, Louis Philippe, M. Ziégler received the commission to paint the walls of the Madelaine with a vast semi-allegory of the advent of Christianity. This work, which occupied him during three years, has been as much decried by some as admired by others. French critics are, however, generally favourable to it, and Ziégler painted for Frenchmen. The majority of his subsequent works were religious, but he painted also national history and portraits. It will be enough to name—"Jacob's Dream;" "Moses striking the Rock;" "Daniel in the Lions' Den;" "Notre Dame de Bourgogne," purchased for the Luxembourg; the "Peace of Amiens," for the council chamber of that city; and the portrait of Kellermann for Versailles. M. Ziégler made many designs for vases and other works of ornamental art, and published a work on the principles of decorative design—"Recherches des Principes du Beau dans l'art céramique, l'architecture, et la forme en général," 8vo, with atlas of plates, 1850. M. Ziégler received the cross of the legion of honour in 1838. He died on the 29th of December, 1856.—J. T—e. * ZIEM, Félix, a celebrated French painter, was born at Beaume (Cote-d'Or) about 1820. A visit which he made to the East, and subsequent studies in Venice (1845—48), determined the direction of M. Ziem's art. He is classed with the landscape painters, but his pictures are usually views of towns from the sea—Constantinople, Antwerp, Marseilles, or the canals of Venice; and he clothes all his scenes in a vapoury haze, whilst sky and sea are suffused with the glowing hues of the rising or setting sun. He is a rich, warm colourist, but both colour and general treatment are apt to be monotonous. His works are much admired, and many of them are in the national and chief private collections. One of his best works, "Venice," from the gallery of the Luxembourg, was in the International Exhibition of 1862. M. Ziem obtained the first class medal for landscape in 1852, and the cross of the legion of honour in 1857.—J. T—e. ZIMMERMAN, J. G. von, author of "Solitude" and other celebrated works, was born of an honourable family at Brugg in the canton of Bern, 8th December, 1728, and was educated at the university of Göttingen, where he chiefly devoted himself to medicine and philosophy. His countryman. Professor Haller, received him into his family, and assisted him in his studies, to which he applied himself with such an excess of exertion that he laid the foundation of a tendency to hypochondria, which afflicted him more or less through life. When he took his degree of doctor of medicine he wrote a dissertation, "De Irritabilitate," which brought him into much notice, and was long highly esteemed. On leaving Göttingen he spent some months in Holland and Paris, and returning to Bern he commenced practice as a physician with great success. The office of stadt-physicus, or public physician, at Brugg becoming vacant about this time, he was induced to accept it, and resided there the next fourteen years, with a growing fame both as a physician and an author. Patients flocked to him from all parts of Switzerland and the neighbouring countries, and it was at Brugg that he planned and wrote some of his principal works, including his "Experience in Medicine," published in 1763-64; his work on "National Pride," in 1758, which had such a European popularity that it was translated into French, Russian, English, and other languages; and also the first draft of his celebrated work on Solitude, "Ueber die Einsamkeit." This work took its rise in the peculiar habits of life into which he fell at Brugg. Finding little or no congenial society there, and fretting at the little leisure for intellectual pursuits which his extensive professional practice left him, his tendency to melancholy became largely developed; he withdrew himself from society as much as possible, and spent the whole of his leisure in reading and composition. "With all his philosophy," as one has remarked, "Zimmerman had not the power of accommodating himself to circumstances, and while he was ever longing for the intellectual enjoyments of Göttingen and Bern, he refused to enjoy the pleasures which he might have had." At last a change of office and abode which was quite to his liking presented itself. He was offered and he accepted the post of physician to his Britannic majesty at Hanover, with the title of aulic councillor, and in 1768 he removed to that city. His professional career in North Germany was highly distinguished, and his advice and assistance were often solicited by the German courts. On occasion of a visit to Berlin he was introduced to Frederick the Great, who admitted him to a lengthened interview. In 1784 and 1785 he brought out in a complete form his celebrated treatise on "Solitude," in 4 vols. 8vo, which was soon translated into all the languages of Europe, and procured for the author not only a far-spread celebrity, but many illustrious friends. Among other admirers of his genius was the Empress Catherine II. of Russia, who sent him a magnificent present, along with a letter, in which she invited him to St. Petersburg to fill the post of her private physician—an offer, however, which he declined. In 1786 Frederick the Great in his last illness invited him to Potsdam, in order to have the benefit of his advice. Zimmerman had several conversations with him, of which he published an account after his return to Hanover, "Ueber Friedrich den Grossen und meine Unterredung mit ihm," 1788. This and another work, "Fragmente über Friedrich den Grossen," 3 vols. 8vo, 1790, produced a great sensation in Germany by the political and other revelations which they professed to contain, and engaged Zimmerman in violent disputes with several contemporaries, which continued till his death. Among other antagonists whom he provoked was the notorious Dr. Bahrdt. The troubles in which he involved himself by these and other writings, in which he attacked the prevailing tendencies of the age, formed a singular commentary upon his high commendations of solitude, and the quality of the writings themselves almost destroyed the fame which he had acquired by his earlier authorship. The truth appears to be, as one of his biographers has remarked, that "during the latter part of his life his nervous sensibility and his hypochondriac disposition had ruined his mental powers; and for all that he did during that period he perhaps deserves more to be pitied than to be censured." In 1794 his mind became wholly deranged. He died on the 7th October, 1795, in his sixty-seventh year.—P. L. ZINCKE, Christian Friedrich, a celebrated painter in enamel, was born at Dresden about 1684. He came to England in 1706 and wrought under Boit, the then leading painter in enamel. But Zincke soon surpassed his master, and was considered to rival Petitot. He was much patronized by George II. and the royal family. Zincke was a very skilful artist, and he has left many excellent original heads, as well as good copies from celebrated portraits—as Mary Queen of Scots and others after Oliver, Cowley after Sir Peter Lely, Sir Robert Walpole, the Duchess of Marlborough, and many more. Having realized a competence he retired from practice in 1746; but he was prevailed upon by Madame Pampadour "to copy in enamel a picture of the king of France, which she sent over on purpose" (Walpole). He died at South Lambeth, March, 1767.—J. T—e. ZINZENDORF and POTTENDORF, Nicolas Lewis, Count of, the celebrated founder of the renewed church of the Brethren, was born at Dresden on 26th May, 1700. He was descended from a noble family in Austria, whose origin dated from the times of the crusaders; while one of its branches, which became extinct at a later period, embraced the doctrines of the protestant faith soon after the dawn of the Reformation, yet continued to hold high and honourable offices at the court of the emperor of Austria. The count's father, George Lewis, entered the service of the elector of Saxony, and rose to the rank of a cabinet minister at Dresden. He was a man of eminent talents, honourable character, and sincere piety, and an intimate friend of Dr. Spener. By his second marriage with Charlotte Justina, baroness of Gersdorf, he allied himself to the family of the baron of Gersdorf, governor of Upper Lusatia and lord of Great Hennersdorf in Saxony. The noble house of Gersdorf was distinguished alike for antiquity and piety, and was intimately connected with the eminent men of faith who then flourished in Germany, such as Dr. Spener and Professor Franke. A few weeks after the birth of his son, Nicolas Lewis, the cabinet minister died, and his widow having married again four years later, the care and education of the young count were committed to his grandmother, the Baroness Henrietta Catherine von Gersdorf, a lady well known among the learned of her times. This education by his grandmother and her unmarried daughter Henrietta was eminently calculated to awaken and strengthen in the heart of the boy that intense spiritual life of faith for which he was afterwards so highly distinguished. A lifeless, powerless orthodoxy, incapable