INDEX

663 Landgraves, 534 Land-peaces, 538 Landscape painting, 605 Land system, of Roman Empire, 36- 37; of early Germans, 44; allot- ments to veterans, 29; to barbarian settlers, 67; to German invaders, 87, 119-20; effect of the barbarian invasions, 92-93; the great land- holder, 120, 123, 162, 170, 193, 204 214; church lands, 105, 155, 283 their distribution by Charles Mar tel, 194; Mohammedan Spain, 187 feudal period, 232-46, 254-55, 3 GI 329, 521; England, 277, 477, 484 523-24, 630; German northeast 305-06; Lombardy, 346-47; Scan dinavia, 546; Low Countries, 617 France, 622; and see Agriculture, Manor, Peasants, Serfdom, Villa Lanfranc, 376 Langland, William, 400, 516 Langton, Stephen, 458-59 Languages, and history, 4, 6-7; and race, 9-10; in Mithridates' empire, 54; effect of invasions on, 119, 474; in church service, 120; medieval, 260, 371, 397-400; modern, 16, 415, 587; and see Aryan, Celtic, English, French, German, Greek, Indo-Euro- pean, Italian, Latin, Slavic, etc. Languedoc, 272-73, 442, 445, 497, 501, 524, 627 Langue d'oc, and langue d o'il, 399 Laon, 219, 360-62, 376, 380, 438, 524 Lapland, 223 Lapps, 11 Las Siete Partidas, 410 Last judgment, 412 Last Judgment, of Michelangelo, 607 "Later Roman Empire," 87 Lateran Palace, 198, 286-87, 452; and see Fourth Lateran Council Latin, Christendom and Church, see Papacy Latin cross, 83, 147, and see Cruciform churches Latin Empire, at Constantinople, 453, 465-66, 553, 583 Latin language, literature, and learn- ing, 7, 10, 24, 49, 53; decline of, 65-66, 86, 92, 114, 122, 124, 143, 152, 157, 164, 182; Carolingian, 210-11, 222-23, 272, 294; in tenth and eleventh centuries, 348, 374, 376; in twelfth and thirteenth cen- turies, 377-412, 419, 435, 474, 487; in the later Middle Ages, 562-63; of Italian Renaissance, 588-93 Latin population and race, 24, 52, 1 19, 213 Latin states in Syria, 310, 318-22, 554, 607 Laura, Petrarch's, 588 Laurentian Portolano, 395 Law and laws, including legal and legislation; of ancient city-state, 26; of nature, 31, 99; international, 114; Carolingian, 203-06; of United States, 206; English, 206, 241; feu- dal, 278-79; royal, 279, 519, 521, and see Royal Courts; of medieval towns, 335-36, 341, 357, 362, 364, 475; Merchant, 335~36, 475 5 medi- eval diversity of, 336, 475, 490; of Frederick II in Sicily, 469; of Ed- ward I in England, 484; of Parlia- ment under Edward III, 518; Rus- sian, 549, 551; Polish, 552; Vene- tian, 582; French, 627; Spanish, 631; and see Anglo-Saxon, Canon, Common, German, and Roman law Law-speakers, 50 Lay investiture, see Investiture strug- gle League of Cambrai, 637 League of the Public Welfare, 624-25 League of Venice, 636 Leagues, feudal, 495"97, 502, 526, 539 Leagues, of towns, 362, 372, 524, 539, 541 ; and see Hanseatic, Holy, Lom- bard, Rhine, Swabian Leagues, and Swiss Confederation Learning, Hellenistic, 22-23; early medieval, 124-25; Arabian, 181-83, 188; Carolingian, 199; Anglo-Saxon, 168, 222-23; medieval, 299, 325, chap, xx, 407, 434, 449, 475, 482, 487, 515; Renaissance, 576; and see Greek, Latin, Humanism, Scholas- ticism Lechfeld, battle of, 228 Legal, see Law Legates, papal, 108, 280, 286, 289, 297, 314, 436, 444-45, 453, 461, 465-66, 481, 504, 513, 546, 558, 562, 568 Legislation, see Assemblies, Law Legnano, battle of, 353, 356 Lehnrecht, 279 Le Mans, see Mans Lenses, invention of magnifying, 388 Lent, 202, 495 Leo I, Byzantine Emperor, 86 Leo III, 195-96, 302 Leo I, or the Great, Pope, 85, 107-08, 115 Leo III, 208 Leo IX, 286, 302 LeoX, 115, 634, 638, 640 Leon, Kingdom of, 188, 273, 302, 304, 630