672

INDEX Plough-Penny, 488 Plumbing, invention of, 337~3 8 , 388, 587 Plurality, 588 Plutarch, 2, 38-39, 99, 597 Po River, 12, 17, 342 Podestd, 351-52, 354. 357, 577, 599 Podiebrad, George of, King of Bo- hemia, 558, 571, 615 Poema del Cid, 410 Poet laureate, 588 Poetics, of Aristotle, 22 Poetry, see Arabian, Literature, etc. Poggio, 589 Poisoning, 268, 566, 578, 626, 635 Poitevins, 260 Poitiers, 179, 366, 376, 422; battle of, 517, 519-20, 522 Poitou, 272, 278, 457, 482, 494, 497, 508, 510, 518 Poland, 228, 263, 307, 336, 390, 453, 532, 544-47, 551-53, 556, 558, 561, 566, 568, 571 Police, 50, 188, 238, 484, 494 Politian, 590 Politics, 5, 24; and see Government Politics, of Aristotle, 22 Poll taxes, 523-24 Polo brothers, 344, 394; and see Marco Polo Polonius, 365 Polybius, 9, 18 Polygamy, 57, 172, 174-75, 188 Pomerania, 307, 546 Pomerelia, 544, 546 Pontifex Maximus, 95 Pontus Steppe, 63-54, 139, 229 Poor Brethren of the Hospital of St. John, see Hospitalers Poor Catholics, 450 Poor Clares, 450 Poor priests, 563 Poor students, 392 ; and see Poverty Popolo, 347, 577, 584 Population (including Depopulation and Overpopulation), of Roman Empire, 36, 58, 60, 67, 92; effect of invasions on, 119; of Byzantine Africa, 135; Constantinople, 149; Balkan peninsula, 151; Slavs, 139, 228; Cordova, 185; Scandinavia, 217; in feudal period, 236, 249, 301, 309, 3*2, 3 2 7 i of medieval towns, War, 530; of Tabriz, 551; of Bur- gundian possessions, 617 Porphyry, 379 Portals, cathedral, 422, 428-29, 433 Portcullis, 248 Portolani, 395 Portrait painting and sculpture, 604- 05 Portugal, 303-05, 323, 366, 394, 456, 566, 574, 608-14, 632-33, 637 Portuguese language, 399, 410 Postal service, 34, 141, 550 Poverty, 155, 175, 516-17, 562 Prcemunire, Statute of, 518, 562 Presides, 71 Praetorian guards, 29, 69 Praetorian prefects, 71, 80 Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 573, 638 Prague, University of, 389, 552, 568; Archbishop of, 571 ; and see Jerome of Prague Prato, 603 Preaching, 439, 443,446, 562-63,568- 69, 634; of the friars, 449-51; and see Sermons Precarium, 240-41 Predestination, 564 Pregadi, 581 Prehistoric period, 3-4 Premonstratensians, 298, 308 Premontre, 298 Presbyter, 100 Presentation, right of, 282 Pressburg, Treaty of, 615 Prevot, or provost, 268, 363, 492, 494 Prices, 70, 332733, 336, 516, 603, 608 Priesthood, Oriental and Greek, 21; early German, 48-49; Roman, 95; Jewish, 98; Christian, 105, 439-41, 564 Primate, 296 Primogeniture, 241, 533 Prince, The, of Machiavelli, 578-80, 596, 635, 640 . Prince of Wales, 488, 519; and see Black Prince Printing, invention of, 16, 391, 587, 594-95 Priories, Cluniac, 281-82 Priors, Six, of Florence, 410, 584 Private war, 263, 520, 534, 538, 631; and see Feudalism Privileged towns, 358, 363 Privileges, academic, 391 ; of crusaders, 323; and see Clergy Privy Council, 492 Procopius, 130, 140, 145-46, 149, 153; and see Secret History Prophecy, Hebrew, 98; early German, 46, 400; early Christian, 100-01; Mohammed and, 174-75; 549, 607, 635-36 Prose, earliest medieval, 399; sagas, 401 ; first French, 409; Spanish, 410; English, 563