A stronger replacement for calcium carbonate in super-strong scales?

Question

So, the microstructure of abalone shells is 95% calcium carbonate, such as aragonite, tiles and 5% organic polymer that binds them together. This binding fails in a graceful manner, allowing the shell to take a lot of punishment before shattering.

This composite material is around 3,000 times more resistant to fracturing than calcium carbonate and twice as resistant to fracturing as boron carbide, despite the high degree of mineralization.

Source: http://meyersgroup.ucsd.edu/papers/delete/1999/Meyers%20211.pdf

On top of that, thanks to how light is refracted by said microstructure, it also looks cool.

Can you imagine how insanely bullet-resistant could scales/osteoderms/whatever be if I managed to replace the material of the "bricks" with something stronger? It would probably be like the Battle of Ramree Island, though with even more screaming.

Well, I still have some things to solve, but bullet resistant, lightweight armor is a good start for my apex predators.

However, this is where problems show up. Hydroxylapatite is probably the strongest mineral in the human body, but it still seems fairly weak. I mean, yes, the composition of scales could vary across the creature's body, with the strongest covering their head and chest, but those should be as strong as possible.

Other than utilizing enzymes, another way of attaining certain minerals could be the Kakyoin method (RERORERORERO), basically, lick it until it's gone; mountain goats do it too.

So, what is the strongest (high Vickers hardness, and a-okay or better fracture toughness) mineral that could be obtained by an animal (either by synthesis via enzymes or munching) and serve as a replacement for the aragonite bricks in the aforementioned microstructure?

Is there a reason the scales couldn't just be made of abalone? As you pointed out, it is insanely strong and looks cool, and there's already a biological mechanism to create it---though a very different one from the scale formation in reptiles &c — Sol, Aug 24 '20 at 15:46
@Sol Insanely strong relative to what it's made out of. These creatures are going up against firearms of various calibers, they need something that can actually stop those. — Mephistopheles, Aug 24 '20 at 16:07
@DKNguyen To quote my question: "So, what is the strongest (high Vickers hardness, and a-okay or better fracture toughness) mineral " — Mephistopheles, Aug 24 '20 at 22:21
@Mephistopheles I know. I saw that. What I'm saying is I don't think hardness has anything to do with it. Kevlar for example, is not hard. — DKNguyen, Aug 24 '20 at 22:50
@DKNguyen It does. Modern body armor uses ceramic plates to break up the projectile, then catch the fragments with an UHMWPE backing. — Mephistopheles, Aug 24 '20 at 22:54
I think you have it backwards. The ceramic plates aren't to break up the projectile. The ceramic plates are literally there so they themselves break, and in breaking consumes some of the energy. They should do the job even if the projectile remains intact. The plate breaking is not a problem if it is disposable clothing you are wearing, but much more of a problem if that plate is actually part of your body. — DKNguyen, Aug 24 '20 at 22:56
Hmm, actually wiki says it is to shatter the projectile. I forget where I read the thing I am talking about. — DKNguyen, Aug 24 '20 at 23:01
@DKNguyen The armor in an Abrams tank uses energy dispersion as part of its mechanism, rather than simple strength. It has multiple layers, and IIRC one of them was a kind of mesh (that might be what the wiki article refers to as a matrix). It made me think of how chain mail disperses the energy of a blow. — KorvinStarmast, Aug 25 '20 at 13:35
@KorvinStarmast You two have it backwards. UHMWPE plates can stop even a .50 BMG, but an AP round with much less energy can zip right through them. HARD ceramic plates that can deform/destroy the penetrator are necessary if you're planning to go up against a real threat. — Mephistopheles, Aug 25 '20 at 13:46
this mechanical armour talk seems very oot, but I will try to steer it back to the biological idea.
There are various ways how to penetrate modern armour, just as there are various armours to protect against these, with the reactive armour being the most common and most universal. And there would also be a way to penetrate the armour of your beast, perhaps in an unconventional way.

What are the hunters using? If the weapons are simply delivering a heavy impact, akin to bullets, then having an abalone-like shell is enough (especially if you plan to make it thicker) — Nuloen The Seeker, Oct 19 '20 at 17:44

score 2 · Answer 1 · edited Oct 14 '20 at 18:59

In essence, if I'm understanding correctly, you are looking for a biological material that exhibits a high degree of toughness. To achieve this, we could look at some very strong materials that could replace (or at least compete with) our standard bulletproofing materials. One of these is spider silk. This could be part of the protein matrix that is layered into the scales. Of course nacre protein could be sufficient here as well.

The other part, the replacement for calcium carbonate is harder to figure out. Polymerization is one of the keys, as it has to survive the impact. Tensile networks distribute the forces without fragmentation, but could be weakened by repeated impact. It could be that some healing process could provide additional strength near damaged areas.

Organosilicon biopolymers could create some incidental silicon carbides, which are also bulletproof. Organosilicons are naturally absent from organisms found on Earth, so you would have to dig deep into the genetic engineering aspect of this form of life to explain it.

There does appear to be some work that has been done on this for astrobiology using bacteria and mutant enzymes. The researcher said "The mutant enzyme could generate at least 20 different organo-silicon compounds, 19 of which were new to science". Nobody thought to see if these could be used to bulletproof an organism however. The layering of organosilicons and spider silk proteins (or nacre proteins) should allow a fairly good bulletproofing scale which has some work behind it to show biocompatibility, even if somewhat deficient on the organosilicon side of things.

The percentage of silicon carbide that shows up in these scales could be altered either environmentally (by acid or enzyme attack) or internally by a process that selectively expels silicon carbides into the scale structures.

The hardness would be below the charted levels, but the surrounding polymers would add toughness. As to whether the silicon carbide could be sustained in multiple layers, it would depend on how the silicon carbide is enriched in these scales. Process is everything in biology.

score 1 · Answer 2 · edited Oct 14 '20 at 12:21

One possibility could be a Boron Carbide, specifically cubic-BC₅, which has a Vickers hardness of 71 GPa and a fracture toughness of 9.5 MPa m^½.

Both of which are higher than the values for hydroxyapatite (5 GPa and 1.2 MPa m^½, I. Hervas, Fracture toughness of glasses and hydroxyapatite: A comparative study of 7 methods by using Vickers indenter).

I'd imagine that it would also be able to be grown in approximately the same microstructure, to produce the same colour as the shell in your image.

Unfortunately boron is not a common element, although it can be very concentrated in some dry lakes and mineral deposits. But I'm not entirely sure how your creature could produce cubic-BC₅, possibly enzymatically.

Hopefully that helps.

A stronger replacement for calcium carbonate in super-strong scales?

2 Answers2